Biology

Science; do snakes give birth through their mouth or only lay eggs,

Snakes have two different ways of producing young, either by laying eggs or live birth. The
snakes that have live birth do not carry their babies in the womb-like mammals; rather, they
grow their babies inside of their bodies as if they were in eggs. The “eggs” are in a thin
the membrane that dissolves once the snakes are ready to be born. This type of gestation is called
ovoviviparous. Other snakes lay soft white eggs that are incubated in a nest

Snakes that lays eggs

King snake

Milksnake

Rat snake

Corn snake

Snakes that have live births

Pythons
Boas
Viper
Garter

 

Do snakes give birth through their mouth? the answer is a Big No.

The vast majority of snakes are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs, which they oviposit through their cloacas, just like birds (birds and snakes are both reptiles after all).

That said, a few snake species, like boas and most sea snakes for example, are ovoviviparous, meaning that the female will retain her eggs internally until they hatch either inside her cloaca or immediately after they are expelled. This is in contrast to viviparous placental mammals, which lack eggs entirely, and mammalian neonates are physically attached to their mother and nourished via a placenta.

Most snakes just lay eggs normally though, and either abandon them immediately after laying them (like most colubrids) or coil around them to provide warmth and protection during the months it takes for them to incubate (pythons for example), just as a bird will sit on her eggs. Some snakes, like King Cobras, even build avian-esque nests out of twigs and grasses. After oviposition, the female guards the eggs vigilantly and without repose for many weeks. As soon as the brood shows signs of hatching, however, all parental instinct is abjured, and the mother snake will desert the nest, leaving the hatchlings to fend for themselves.

No snake, and indeed no creature at all that I’m aware of, reproduce using their mouth. Have you ever seen a woman vomit up a baby?

Credit; Jason Sarasti

POSSIBLE WASSCE QUESTIONS ON CONTROL AND COORDINATION
(NERVOUS SYSTEM)

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1. What is a ganglion?

Ans: A ganglion is a cluster of neurons (nerve cell) bodies. In animals with a CNS and a
PNS, it is a cluster of neurons located outside the CNS.

What is the advantage for an animal having cephalization in addition to bilateral
symmetry?

Ans: Bilateral symmetry plus cephalization leads to paired sensory organs for sight,
hearing, and smell, that are useful for obtaining information about the animals
environmental.

2. Distinguish between the CNS and the PNS.

Ans: The CNS (central nervous system) consists of the brain and spinal cord while the
PNS (peripheral nervous system) is composed of nerves and ganglia.

3. Would a nerve impulse travel more quickly down an unmyelinated axon or a
myelinated axon? Why?

Ans: The nerve impulse would travel more quickly down the myelinated axon due to
saltatory conduction.

4. A nerve impulse has two parts. a. During the first part, which ion moves where? b.
During the second part, which ion moves where?

Ans: a. Na+ moves from the outside of the axon membrane to the inside.
b. K+ moves from the inside of the axon membrane to the outside.

6. How are neurotransmitter molecules removed from synaptic clefts?

Ans: Neurotransmitter molecules may be degraded by enzymes, or be taken up by the
presynaptic cell.

7. The brain is very dependent on the spinal cord. Explain.

Ans: The spinal cord contains important pathways for communication between the brain and
the spinal nerves which serve the rest of the body.

8. The hypothalamus, which has sleep centers, communicates with the RAS. What might
cause narcolepsy, the disorder characterized by brief periods of unexpected sleep?

Ans: Output from the RAS functions keeps us awake. A malfunctioning RAS may stop
signaling to the sleep centers in the hypothalamus, enabling them to temporarily take over
and cause uncontrollable sleepiness.

9. Brain injury can cause a disconnect between the amygdala and the portion of the
cortex devoted to recognizing faces. People with this ailment can identify the faces of family
members, but have no feelings for them. This is so disturbing that sufferers come to believe
their “real” families have been replaced with “imposters.” Explain.

Ans: We normally experience positive feelings when we recognize the familiar faces of our
loved ones. A disconnect between the amygdala and the cortex disables this emotional
response, and the injured person, desperate for an explanation, adopts the “imposter” belief.

10. What are two ways in which cranial nerves and spinal nerves differ from one
another?

Ans: Cranial nerves emerge from the brain; some are sensory, some are motor, and others are
mixed. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord; all are mixed.

11. What part of the CNS is active when a reflex action involving the limbs occurs? b.
What part of the CNS is active when we override a reflex action and do not react
automatically?

Ans: a. The spinal cord; b. The brain.

12. You are sitting quietly, enjoying a slice of pizza and a soft drink. Your mischievous
best friend sneaks up behind you, then dumps ice down the back of your shirt. Describe the
shift in autonomic system activity that ensues.

Ans: The parasympathetic (“rest and digest”) division dominates as you enjoy your meal, but
your friend’s “surprise” causes a sudden increase in sympathetic (“fight or flight”) activity.

 

• In individuals with panic disorder, the fight-or-flight response is activated by inappropriate stimuli. How might it be possible to directly control this response in order to treat panic disorder? Why is such control often impractical?

Ans: The most direct cause of the fight-or- flight response is norepinephrine released by the sympathetic nervous system.

If norepinephrine is being released inappropriately it could be that the postganglionic fibres are being triggered unnecessarily.

If so, control could be attempted by blocking production of norepinephrine or interaction of norepinephrine with its receptor.

However, the harm caused by disabling the sympathetic nervous system would probably outweigh the benefit of reducing the panic response.

 

• A man who lost his leg several years ago continues to experience pain as though it were coming from the missing limb. What hypothesis could explain the neurological basis of this pain?

Ans: The portion of the brain’s somatosensory cortex originally devoted to sensation from an amputated limb gradually reorganizes itself; as a result, sensory input from different areas of the body is often perceived as pain in the missing limb.

In addition, some portion of the sensory neurons serving the amputated leg will still be present.

The axon portion of these neurons in the spinal cord would still be able to release neurotransmitter substances.

The release of neurotransmitter by sensory neurons coming from an amputated limb is being perceived as pain by the brain.

 

• The density of taste buds on the tongue can vary. Some obese individuals have a lower density of taste buds than usual. Assume that taste perception is related to taste bud density. If so, what hypothesis would you test to see if there is a relationship between taste bud density and obesity?

Ans: Taste perception in the brain may be less in obese individuals with low density of taste buds. Measuring eating- associated brain activity may indicate taste perception.

Hypothesis: If low density of taste buds causes obesity, then brain activity associated with taste perception would be less in obese individuals compared to those who are not obese.

While quantity of taste perception may be related to obesity, many other factors may also be involved because eating must have various levels of control.

 

 

• A man who has spent many years serving on submarines complains of hearing loss, particularly the inability to hear high tones. When a submarine submerges, the inside air pressure intensifies. What hypothesis or hypotheses might explain hearing loss in this individual?

Ans: Perhaps the increased air pressure upon submersion intensifies volume (loudness) leading to hearing loss.

Hypothesis 1: If increased air pressure causes hearing loss, then hair cells of the organ of Corti will be damaged in individuals subjected to increased air pressure.

Hypothesis 2: If increased air pressure causes the inability to hear high tones, then the organ of Corti at the base of the cochlea will show the greatest damage.

• What are possible treatments for patients with major depression?

Ans: To determine the function of a specific brain area, scientists can look at patients who have damage in that brain area and see what symptoms they exhibit.

Researchers can disable the brain structure temporarily using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

They can disable or remove the area in an animal model. fMRI can be used to correlate specific functions with increased blood flow to brain regions.

• What methods can be used to determine the function of a particular brain region?

Ans: Possible treatments for patients with major depression include psychotherapy and prescription medications.

MAO inhibitor drugs inhibit the breakdown of certain neurotransmitters (including dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) in the synaptic cleft.

SSRI medications inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron.

Possible WASSCE Objective Test on Plants Nutrition -Biology

Integrated Science Lessons SHS

2022 BECE Results How to Check and Do Placement this 2023

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POSSIBLE EXAMINATION OBJECTIVE TEST ON NUTRITION IN PLANT.

1. The importance of photosynthesis to life includes
A. Serving as a direct source of food for secondary
consumers
B. Replenishing oxygen in the atmosphere
C. Maintaining water balance in the soil
D. Producing vital inorganic compounds

Answer B. Replenishing oxygen in the atmosphere

2. The main site of photosynthesis in green leaves is the
A. stomata B. spongy mesophyll
C. guard cells D. palisade mesophyll

Answer D. palisade mesophyll

3. Which of the following adaptation of the leaf enhances
photosynthesis?
A. Presence of shiny cuticle
B. Possession of thin cuticle
C. Possession of narrow leaves
D. Presence of epidermal hair

Answer  B. Possession of thin cuticle

4. Which of the following is not a necessary condition for
photosynthesis?
A. Suitable pH B. Presence of water
C. Supply of carbon dioxide D. Presence of light

Answer A. Suitable pH

5. Which of the following does not occur during
photosynthesis?
A. Energy from sunlight is absorbed
B. Carbon dioxide is evolved
C. Glucose is synthesized
D. Water is split

Answer B. Carbon dioxide is evolved

6. Which of the following equations is the correct chemical
equation for photosynthesis?

A. 6H2O + 6CO2 light, enzyme, C6H12O6 + 6O2   chlorophyll

B. 6H20 + CO2 chlorophyll  6CH2O + H2O  light

C. 6H2O + CO2 light, enzymes CH2O + O2  chlorophyll

D. 6H2O + 6CO2 light, enzymes C6H12O6 + O2 chlorophyll

A. 6H2O + 6CO2 light, enzyme, C6H12O6 + 6O2   chlorophyll

7. The process by which oxygen passes out of a green leaf
is known as
A. Transpiration B. Translocation
C. Diffusion D. Excretion

Answer C. Diffusion

8. The stomata of leaves close when
A. there is light B. carbon dioxide level is low
C. wind speed is high D. guard cells are turgid

Answer C. wind speed is high

9. Carbon dioxide enters the stomata during
photosynthesis through the process of
A. Active transport B. Diffusion
C. Transpiration D. Osmosis

Answer B. Diffusion

10. Which of the following processes is/are associated with
photosynthesis ?
I. Energy from sunlight is absorb
II. Carbon dioxide is evolved
III. Oxygen is given off
IV. Glucose is synthesized
A. I and II only. B. I, II and IV only.
C. I, III, and IV only. D.I, II, III and IV.

Answer C. I, III, and IV only

11. In green plants solar energy is
absorbed by the
A. Mitochondrion B. Ribosome
C. Granum D. Cytoplasm

Answer C. Granum

12. The oxygen given off during photosynthesis is
obtained
A. By the ionization of water
B. By the breakdown of carbon dioxide
C. By the combination of carbon dioxide and water
D. From excess oxygen taken into the plant

Answer A. By the ionization of water

13. The oxygen given out during photosynthesis comes
from the
A. breakdown carbon dioxide
B. photolysis of water
C. surplus oxygen taken into the plant
D. combination of water and CO2

Answer B. photolysis of water

14. What biological process describe the following
equation?

2H2O 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎℎ𝑡 → 4H+ + O2 + 4e-

A. Photolysis of water
B. Dehydrogenation of water
C. Oxygen synthesis from water
D. Electron production from water

Answer A. Photolysis of water

15. Which of the following types of energy is utilized during
photosynthesis?
A. Potential energy B. Kinetic energy
C. Chemical energy D. Solar energy

Answer D. Solar energy

16. The source of energy required by plants during
food production is
A. Microorganisms B. Chlorophyll
C. Photosynthesis D. Sunlight

Answer D. Sunlight

17. One major difference between plant and animal
nutrition is that ability of plants to synthesize
A. Water for animals
B. Water for plants
C. Food for plants and animals
D. Food for plants only

Answer C. Food for plants and animals

18. In vascular plants, translocation of simple sugar in
solution is always carried out by the
A. epidermis B. pericycle
C. xylem tissue D. phloem tissue

Answer D. phloem tissue

19. Green plants perform all the following functions except
A. Providing food for all the primary consuming
B. Breaking down complex organic matter into simpler
substances
C. Producing oxygen to replenish the atmosphere
D. Using carbon dioxide and water to build complex
organic.

Answer B. Breaking down complex organic matter into simpler
substances

20. In testing for starch in a leaf, the leaf is boiled in
alcohol to
A. Kill the cells
B. Soften the
C. Remove the chlorophyll
D. Expose the starch

Answer C. Remove the chlorophyll

21. Which of the following condition is the limiting factors
to the amount of photosynthesis in a leaf?
A. Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.
B. Oxygen concentration in the atmosphere
C. Total surface area of the root system
D. The amount of Na+ in the soil

Answer A. Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.

22. The process that takes place at the light stage of
photosynthesis is
A. Reduction of carbon dioxide to from carbohydrate.
B. Splitting of ATP molecules to produce energy
C. Splitting of water molecules to produce hydrogen ions
D. Formation of two molecules of phosphoglyceric acids

Answer C. Splitting of water molecules to produce hydrogen ions

23. The tissue which manufacture carbohydrates in the
leaves is the
A. Epidermis B. Hypodermis
C. Mesophyll D. Phloem

Answer C. Mesophyll

24. The conversion of glucose to starch in the leaf during
the day principally
A. Enables the day photosynthesis to go on.
B. Enables osmotic problems.
C. Enables the leaf to store the photosynthate.
D. Prevents the glucose from being used up.

Answer C. Enables the leaf to store the photosynthate.

25. Which of the following processes occurs during the
dark stage of photosynthesis?
A. Splitting of water molecules
B. Activation of chlorophyll
C. Reduction of carbon dioxide
D. Formation of NADPH2

Answer C. Reduction of carbon dioxide

26. Which of these statements about photosynthesis is
true?
A. Carbohydrate is produced in the light stage
B. Water molecules are split to yield ATP
C. A molecule of chlorophyll is initially broken down
D. The unstable 6-carbon compound breaks up into 3- carbon compound

Answer D. The unstable 6-carbon compound breaks up into 3- carbon compound

27. In photosynthesis, the following processes are part
of the light reaction except:
A. transfer of radiant energy which reduces a co-factor.
B. absorption of radiant energy by chloroplast.
C. utilization of the energy in the electron transfer chain to form ATP.
D. formation of glucose using energy from NADPH

Answer D. formation of glucose using energy from NADPH

28. The light stage of photosynthesis involves
A. Fixation of carbon dioxide
B. The reduction of ribulose diphosphate
C. Photolysis of water
D. Oxidation of NADPH to NADP

Answer C. Photolysis of water

29. Photolysis in photosynthesis is the splitting of
A. Glucose molecules in the light stage
B. Water molecules in the light stage
C. Glucose molecules in the dark stage
D. Water molecules in the dark stage

Answer B. Water molecules in the light stage

30. Which of the following process does not occur in the
Calvin cycle?
A. Deamination of protein
B. Production of glyceraldehyde- 3- phosphate
C. Formation of pyruvic acid
D. Utilization of carbon dioxide

Answer A. Deamination of protein

31. The source of energy used in binding Pi to ADP is
A. H+
B. B-
C. The sun

D. Cytochrome

Answer C. The sun

32. The hydrogen acceptor in photosynthesis is
A. NAD B. FAD C. NADP D. ADP

Answer C. NADP 

33. The energy needed during the dark reaction of
photosynthesis is provided by
A. ADP B. ATP
C. NADP D. NADPH

Answer B. ATP

34. Which of these compounds in light stage of
photosynthesis is needed in the dark stage?
A. Hydroxyl ions B. NADPH2
C. Oxygen D. ADP

Answer B. NADPH2

35. Which of the following substances is formed during the
Calvin cycles?
A. Adenine triphosphate
B. Dexyribose-3-sugar
C. Gaseous oxygen
D. Phosphoglyceraldehyde

Answer D. Phosphoglyceraldehyde

36. In which of the wave bands of light is the rate of
photosynthesis greatest?
A. Red and green
B. Red and blue
C. Green and blue
D. Green and violet

Answer B. Red and blue

37. During photosynthesis NADP plays the role of
A. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide acceptor
B. Hydrogen acceptor and hydrogen donor
C. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide donor
D. Hydrogen donor and carbon dioxide acceptor

Answer B. Hydrogen acceptor and hydrogen donor

38. Photochemical reaction in photosynthesis is not
affected by the
A. Available of water B. Available of NADP
C. Wavelength of light D. Temperature

Answer D. Temperature

39. The light stage of photosynthesis involves
A. Fixation of carbon dioxide
B. The reduction of ribulose diphosphate
C. Photolysis of water
D. Oxidation of NADPH to NADP

Answer C. Photolysis of water

40. Which of the following factors will be investigated if a
potted plant with variegated leaves is used in
photosynthesis experiment?
A. Carbon dioxide B. Light
C. Chlorophyll D. Water

Answer C. Chlorophyll

41. When is a variegated leaf as both the control and
experimental set-up?
A. Light for photosynthesis
B. Chlorophyll for photosynthesis
C. Carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
D. Water for photosynthesis

Answer B. Chlorophyll for photosynthesis

42. During an experiment a variegated leaf was exposed to
sunlight for a few hours and later tested for starch. Which
of the following conditions of photosynthesis is likely to be
tested for?

A. Water B. Sunlight
C. Carbon dioxide D. Chlorophyll

Answer A. Water

43. In an experiment aimed at testing for starch in a green
leaf, the leaf is boiled in alcohol in order to
A. Sterilize the leaf
B. Kill the leaf
C. Isolate the starch grains
D. Dissolve the chlorophyll out of the leaf

Answer D. Dissolve the chlorophyll out of the leaf

44. Boiling a leaf when testing for starch is necessary to
A. Decolorize the leaf
B. Soften the leaf
C. kill the cells and inactivate the enzymes
D. Provide the right temperature

Answer C. kill the cells and inactivate the enzymes

45. Chemical usually carried out on leaves to determine
the product of photosynthesis is the
A. Benedict’s test
B. Biuret test
C. Iodine test
D. Anhydrous copper sulphate test

Answer C. Iodine test

46. In testing for reducing sugar, the food substance is
usually warmed with
A. sodium hydroxide B. Millon’s reagent
C. Sudan III D. Benedict’s solution

Answer D. Benedict’s solution

47. In testing for glucose, the necessary reagent and the
condition under which the reagent reacts best are
A. Fehling’s reagent, in the cold
B. Millon’s reagent, boiled
C. Fehling’s reagent in acid medium, heated
D. Fehling’s reagent in neutral or alkaline medium,
boiled

Answer D. Fehling’s reagent in neutral or alkaline medium,
boiled

The steps below are involved in the testing of a leaf
for starch. Study them carefully and answer questions
48 and 49.
I. Decolourize leaf
II. Dip decolorized leaf in warm water
III. Place leaf in boiling water
IV. Add iodine solution

48. The correct order of the test is
A. I, II, III and IV B. II, III, I and IV.
C. III, I, II and IV. D. I, III, II and IV

Answer C. III, I, II and IV.

49. The best time to pluck the leaf for the experiment is
A. After being exposed to sunlight
B. Three hours after sunset
C. Before sunrise
D. Six hours after sunset

Answer A. After being exposed to sunlight

50. The evidence that photosynthesis has taken place in a
place in a plant is the presence of
A. Fats B. Protein
C. Vitamins D. Starch

Answer D. Starch

51. Which of these is direct photosynthetic product ?
A. Glucose B. Starch
C. Protein D. Latex

Answer A. Glucose

52. Which of the following tissues would contain the
greatest amount of starch after photosynthesis?
A. Palisade tissues B. Spongy tissue
C. Vascular tissue D. Cortex

Answer A. Palisade tissues

53. The most efficient method of suppressing algal growth
in culture solution is to
A. Prevent air from entering the solution
B. exclude light from entering the solution
C. add excess Sulphur compounds to the culture
D. raise the temperature of the culture solution

Answer B. exclude light from entering the solution

54. Light is excluded a water culture experiment in
order to
A. Prevent the growth of algae
B. Prevent ionization of water molecules
C. Enable them to grow straight down
D. Prevent overheating of the roots

Answer A. Prevent the growth of algae

55. In a water culture experiment, a plant showed poor
growth and yellowing of the leaves. These symptoms were
probably due to the absence of
A. calcium B. iron
C. phosphorus D. copper

Answer B. iron

56. The element nitrogen is utilised in
A. formation of ATP
B. formation of glucose
C. formation of amino acid
D. photosynthesis

Answer D. photosynthesis

57. A plant with pink leaves and stem is capable of
photosynthesizing because it
A. Has special cell which photosynthesizes.
B. Has chlorophyll which has been masked
C. Uses the pink pigment for photosynthesis
D. Processes carotene which is efficient photosynthesizing.

Answer B. Has chlorophyll which has been masked

58. A plant with poorly developed roots, yellowing buds and
yellowing new leaves is likely to be deficient in
A. Boron B. Copper
C. Manganese D. Sulphur

Answer D. Sulphur

59. Plants which appears very small in size with
underdeveloped yellowish leaves might be lacking.
A. Calcium B. Nitrogen
C. Potassium D. Phosphorus

Answer B. Nitrogen

60. Excessive sugar is stored in plants as
A. Glycogen B. Galactose
C. Starch D. Maltose

Answer C. Starch

61. The mineral salt important for cell wall formation is
A. Calcium B. Nitrogen
C. Phosphorus D. Iron

Answer A. Calcium

62. Which of the following is not regarded as a micro-element or trace element essential for plant growth?
A. Phosphorus B. Zinc
B. Boron D. Silicon

Answer B. Boron

63. Which of the following elements could be a limiting
factor to the production of energy in a cell ?
A. Calcium B. Phosphorus
C. Carbon D. Potassium

Answer B. Phosphorus

64. In a culture solution experiment deficiency of
magnesium will result in
A. Purple leaf colouration B. Stunted growth
C. Weak stem D. Yellowing of leaves

Answer D. Yellowing of leaves

65. Which of the following factors affect the rate of
photosynthesis?
I – Light intensity
II. – Moisture content of the atmosphere
III – Atmospheric pressure
IV – Temperature
A. I and II only B. I and IV only
C. II and III only D. II and IV only

Answer B. I and IV only

66. Micro elements are absorbed in very small quantities
by plants because
A. They are not really needed
B. They perform only functional amount needed.
C. Plants can produce the addition amount needed.
D. Only some few cells use them

Answer A. They are not really needed

67. Which of the following elements plays a part in
chlorophyll synthesis?
A. Boron B. Calcium
C. Magnesium D. Phosphorus

Answer C. Magnesium

68. Plant showing extremely stunted growth with very
small leaves are likely to be deficient in
A. Calcium B. Nitrogen
C. Phosphorus D. Potassium

Answer B. Nitrogen

69. In plants, the element that is required for nuclear
division is
A. Calcium B. Nitrogen
C. Phosphorus D. Sulphur

Answer A. Calcium

70. Which of the following elements is a macro element
required by plants?
A. Boron B. Iron.
C. Manganese D. Zinc

Answer C. Manganese

71. One of the micro element required by plants is
A. Calcium B. Iron
C. Manganese D. Magnesium

Answer C. Manganese

72. Plants with severe chlorosis lack
A. Calcium and magnesium
B. Nitrogen and iron
C. Phosphorus and iron
D. Sulphur and potassium

Answer B. Nitrogen and iron

73. Chlorosis in plants can be reduced by applying
A. Calcium and magnesium
B. Potassium and phosphorus
C. Sulphur and boron
D. Nitrogen and iron

Answer D. Nitrogen and iron

74. Chlorosis in a leaf could be caused by deficiency of
A. Mg B. P C. B D. CI

Answer A. Mg

75. All the following substances are micro-elements of
plants except
A. Cu B. Mg C. B D. Mn

Answer B. Mg

76. lacking nitrogen had stunted stem and yellow leaves.
Which of these statements about the state of the seedling
is true?
A. Nitrogen is essential for stem and root formation
B. Photosynthesis cannot take place in the absence of
nitrogen
C. Nitrogen is essential for protein synthesis
D. Nitrogen is needed for cell wall formation.

Answer C. Nitrogen is essential for protein synthesis

77. A plant cultivated in nitrogen deficient soil is likely to
A. be small with poorly developed roots and small
purple leaves
B. has its leaves developed yellow and brownish
margins
C. show yellowing of buds and new leaves with poor
root growth
D. be small, underdeveloped with yellow leaves

Answer D. be small, underdeveloped with yellow leaves

 

78. The following elements are required in large quantities
by plants except
A. Nitrogen B. Magnesium
C. Manganese D. Sulphur

Answer D. Sulphur

79. Which of the following pairs of macro-elements are
needed for synthesis of chlorophyll
A. Potassium and iron
B. Calcium and boron
C. Magnesium and nitrogen
D. Zinc and copper

Answer C. Magnesium and nitrogen

80. Which of the following functions is associated with
calcium in plants? Formation of
A. Cell wall B. Ribosomes
C. Proteins D. Cell membrane

Answer A. Cell wall

81. Deficiency of manganese is plants could lead to
A. Death of shoots
B. Scorching of leaves
C. Poor root development
D. Stunted growth

Answer D. Stunted growth

82. Which of the following element are macronutrients?
A. Copper, nickel, chlorine and boron
B. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulphur
C. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulphur
D. Zinc, copper, molybdenum and chlorine

Answer D. Zinc, copper, molybdenum and chlorine

83. The deficiency symptom of Magnesium manifest as
A. reddish leaves
B. mottled and brittle leaves
C. chlorosis with yellow leaves
D. poor root growth

Answer C. chlorosis with yellow leaves

BECE INTEGRATED SCIENCE 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS B (Pasco)

Organic and Inorganic Compounds SHS Int. Science lesson1 ; WASSCE Standard

Students session

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LESSON TARGET

Ecosystem

1.1 Basic ecological terms

1.2 Types of ecosystem and their components

Explanation of ecological terms:

ecosystem, species, population, ecology, ecosphere and community.

Natural ecosystem:
fresh water, marine, estuarine, lake, rainforest, savanna and desert.

Artificial ecosystem:
farmland, man-made lake, roads.

Components of ecosystem:

Biotic/ living (plants and animals) and abiotic/ non-living(soil, air, and water).

Effects of the components on each other.

Ecological factors:
biotic (predation and competition) and abiotic (climatic factors, salinity, altitude and slope of land)

Appropriateness of instruments used to measure abiotic factors.

LESSON

Basic ecological terms

Ecology:

is the study of living things and their interrelationship with each other and their environment.

Ecosystem;

An ecosystem is made up of living and non-living organisms in a particular habitat and their interaction with the physical environment. The habitat could be a forest, coral reef, river etc

Species;

These are distinct kind of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring with one another but do not breed with other population.

Population;

refers to a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular habitat. E.g., a tree could house a population of birds.

Community:

It is a population of different species living in a particular habitat or interacting with each other.
For example, the ocean could be a community for different species of fish, crabs, coral,

Ecosphere;

Is part of the earth or atmosphere that supports life.
It can also be defined as the part of the universe habitable by living things.

Ecosphere
is interchangeable with biosphere. Biosphere can be divided into biomes.

Biome

A biome is a large natural terrestrial ecosystem which has a particular climate.
The type of vegetation in a biome is largely determined by climatic factors particularly rainfall and temperature.

Habitat

This is the natural dwelling place of an organism.
The main divisions of a habitat are;
1. Aquatic habitat
2. Terrestrial Habitat
3. Arboreal Habitat.

Aquatic Habitat

This is water as the natural home of organisms
Eg; Fresh water, streams, pond, ocean etc.

Terrestrial Habitat

This is land as the natural home of organisms.
Eg Rainforest, deserts, bush etc.

 

Aboreal Habitat

This refers to a habitat in and on trees.

Ecological Niche

A niche is an area within an ecosystem in which a particular group of organisms live in. A niche could provide a habitat for organisms of the same or different species. For example, a pond can be a home for different species of fish.
Although organisms may live in the same habitat, each has its own living space and source of food.

Ecological Factors

Ecological factors are those factors which affects an organism’s behaviour or development in an ecosystem.
Ecological Factors are grouped into two

1. Biotic Factors

2. Abiotic Factors.

Biotic factors

are factors concern with the way living organisms interact with one another.
Or biotic Factors are living organisms in a habitat or environment.

Examples of biotic factors

1. Predator: A carnivorous animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals in order to survive, or any other organism that behaves in a similar manner. This process is known as predation.
2. Competition: When a shared resource is in short supply, organisms compete, and those that are more successful survive
3. Symbiosis: A situation in which two organisms live with and are dependent on each other, to the advantage of both.
4. Epiphytism: This occurs when epiphytes (plants that do not have roots in the soil) attach themselves to other plants for supports. Epiphytes do not take any food from their hosts, and do not harm them.

Examples of useful biotic factors

1. Bacterial fixing nitrogen in the soil.
2. Birds acting as agents of pollination.
3. Fungi and bacteria decomposing organic matter.
4. Insects acting as agents of fruits and seeds dispersal.
5. Macro-organisms aerating the soil.
6. Trees providing shade or shelter to animals

Harmful biotic factors

1. Herbivores such as goats, sheep and cattle feeding on plants
2. Carnivores (e.g. lions, tigers etc) feeding on other animals
3. Parasites living on their hosts.

Abiotic Factors

These are non-living factors which affects living things in the environment.

Examples of abiotic factors

• Climate (rainfall, temperature, humidity, etc)
• Salinity (measurement of the mass of dissolved solids present in a given amount of water)
• Altitude (the height of something above sea level) slope of land etc.

 

Abiotic factors and  Instruments use to measure them;

 

 

Abiotic factor	Instrument use to measure
Temperature	Thermometer
Wind direction	Wind vane
Wind speed	Anemometer
Atmospheric pressure	Barometer
Amount of rain fall	Rain gauge
Relative humidity	Hydrometer
Acidity or alkalinity of a substance	pH indicator
Light intensity on land	Photometer

 

 

Some ecological equipment

Quadrat	Determining the number of living organisms within a given area
Butterfly net	Collecting flying insects
Pooter  or Aspirator	Collecting or sampling small animals
Sweep net	Collecting insects and some land vertebrates

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Instruments.

Thermometer

Sweep Net

Pooter

 

Rain Gauge

Quadrat

NB

Further explanations will be given during face – to – Face lesson with your Facilitator.

Assignment

Search for the following instruments
1. Light meter
2. Pitfall trap
3. Barometer
4. Anemometer Sacchi disc

 

 

Ex………….1

1. What is biotic factor?
2. Give two useful biotic factors in a forest habitat
3. Explain the following ecological concepts
i. Population
ii. Community
iii. Ecosphere

3. Study the diagrams carefully and answer the questions that follow.

a. Identify instruments A, B and C
b. Name the parts labelled I, II, III, IV, V and VI
c. State one use each of A, B and C
d. Name one function each of the parts labelled
i. II
ii. III
iii. VI
e. Describe how A could be used for measuring an abiotic factor in a field trip.
Check next lesson for corrections.

Questions and Answers

1. Which of the following is not a problem associated with over- crowding?
A. Employment
B. Food
C. Labour
D. Housing .
Ans: Labour

2. Which of the following habitats is aquatic?
A. Rain forest
B. Farmland
C. Park
D. Pond.
Ans: pond

3. The organism designed C is a
A. Tertiary consumer
B. Primary consumer
C. Primary producer
D. Secondary consumer
Ans: secondary consumer

4. Which of the following food chains is correct?
A. Hawk > grass> grasshopper>frog
B. Grass> frog> grasshopper > hawk
C. Grasshopper> grass > frog > hawk
D. Grass> grasshopper > frog> hawk
Ans: Grass > grasshopper > frog > hawk .

5. The organism which obtain the least energy is
A. Grass. B. Earthworm
C. Hawk. D. Frog
Ans: hawk

6. An example of an abiotic factor in an ecosystem is
A. Predation. B. Grazing
C. Shading. D. Altitude
Ans: altitude

7. Which of the following statements best describes a food web ? It is a
A. Relationship between the living and non- living organisms in an ecosystem
B. Relationship between the living organisms in an ecosystem
C. Relationship between non-living components of an ecosystem
D. Complex feeding relationship between living organisms in an ecosystem.
Ans: complex feeding relationship between living organisms in an ecosystem.

8. A feeding association in which one partner benefits while the other loses is known as
A. Symbiosis
B. Parasitism
C. Mutualism
D. Commensalism
Ans: parasitism

9. One of the advantages of ecological farming is that it helps to
A. Promote the use of fertilizer
B. Maintain environmental conditions
C. Promote lumbering industries
D. Mechanized farming activities
Ans: maintain environmental conditions

10. The essential elements to consider in town planning are
I. provision of schools
II. human waste disposal system
III. water supply
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I ,II and III
Ans: I , II and III.

11. Coastal ecosystems where seawater and freshwater meet are known as
A. Lagoons
B. intertidal zones
C. seashores
D. estuaries
Ans: estuaries

12. The role played by auxins in the phototropism is to
A. inhibit growth of cells on one side of the stem
B. promote growth of all the cells of the stem
C. inhibit growth of cells on all sides of the stem
D. stimulate growth of cells on one side of the stem
Ans: stimulate growth of cells on one side of the stem.

13. Which of the following instruments is used to measure the humidity of the atmosphere
A. Hygrometer
B. Barometer
C. Manometer
D. Hydrometer
Ans: hygrometer

14. The following factors are associated with aquatic life except
A. Sunlight penetration
B. Temperature
C. Wave action
D. Humidity
Ans: sunlight penetration

15. An example of a harmful biotic factor is
A. animals dispersing weeds and fruits
B. predators feeding on prey
C. insects pollinating flowers
D. trees providing shades for animals.
Ans: predators feeding in prey

16. Rural- urban migration is said to hamper agricultural activities in farming areas because
A. agricultural land is left to go waste .
B. agricultural labour force reduces
C. crops do not get enough nutrients.
D. more agro- industries have to be established in the cities.
Ans: agricultural labour force reduces.

17. Which of these statements about abiotic factors is not correct?
A. Light intensity affect green plants more than animals
B. An increase in humidity decreases the rate of water loss through transpiration.
C. Effective dispersal of some fruits and seeds are dependent on prevailing winds
D. Air pressure and oxygen levels increase as altitude decreases
Ans: effective dispersal of some fruits and seeds are dependent on prevailing winds.

18. Formulating policies to help conserve natural resources ensures
A. that the resources of the country are exported for foreign exchange
B. that the resources are exploited so that every citizen can obtain a fair share of the national cake
C. proper management of resources to sustain the present and future generations.
D. that every citizen of the country helps to keep the environment clean.
Ans: proper management of resources to sustain the present and future generations.

19. Which of the following cultural practices conserves the forest?
A. Shifting cultivation
B. Cover – cropping
C. Crop rotation
D. Mechanized farming
Ans: crop rotation.

20. The concentration of industries Ina urban areas of a country may
A. lead to high population growth in those areas
B. distrub the ecosystem of the country
C. affect the energy requirement of the country
D. lead to decreased supply if goods and services.
Ans: disturb the ecosystem of the country.

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