Integrated Science

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    Fish Farming WASSCE Objectives Integrated Science

    Relax and go through these questions on fish Farming, they are all WASSCE Objectives on the topic.

    Answers have been provided below each question, just after learning the topic, go through more objectives and be familiar with the nature of questions asked.

    These questions are obtained from the WASSCE Pass questions and the answers from the Marking Schemes.

    However, should you disagree with any of the answers, quickly alert us to confirm if it’s not typographic error, we will explain things to you.

    1 `which of the following method of processing fish requires the lowest form of investment?

    A. Sun drying

    B. Canning

    C. Smoking

    D. Irradiation

    Answer A. Sun drying 

    2 Fingerlings are not fed for some time before transportation in order to

    A. Make the fingerlings to remain calm during transportation

    B. Reduce the Amount of faecal contamination of the water during transportation.

    C. Make it possible for the fingerlings to eat any food given to them on reaching their new ponds.

    D. Enable them to adapt to the conditions in the container.

    Answer B. Reduce the Amount of faecal contamination of the water during transportation. 

    3. Water flowing from river into fish ponds should be screened to

    A. Make the water clean

    B. Prevent over flooding

    C. eliminate water weeds

    D. eliminate stray fish

    Answer D. eliminate stray fish

    4. Lime is applied to fish ponds to

    A. destroy parasites

    B. kill aquatic weeds

    C. Kill aquatic insects

    D. increase the level of dissolved oxygen

    Answer D. increase the level of dissolved oxygen

    5 If a fish pond is stocked with calarias and tilapia, the presence of the calarias will cause

    A. a decrease in tilapia

    B. An increase in the acidity of the pond water

    C. An Increase in the alkalinity of the pond water

    D. an increase in plankton population in the pond.

    Answer

     

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    Science; do snakes give birth through their mouth or only lay eggs

    Science; do snakes give birth through their mouth or only lay eggs,

    Snakes have two different ways of producing young, either by laying eggs or live birth. The
    snakes that have live birth do not carry their babies in the womb-like mammals; rather, they
    grow their babies inside of their bodies as if they were in eggs. The “eggs” are in a thin
    the membrane that dissolves once the snakes are ready to be born. This type of gestation is called
    ovoviviparous. Other snakes lay soft white eggs that are incubated in a nest

    Snakes that lays eggs

    King snake

    Milksnake

    Rat snake

    Corn snake

    Snakes that have live births

    Pythons
    Boas
    Viper
    Garter

     

    Do snakes give birth through their mouth? the answer is a Big No.

    The vast majority of snakes are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs, which they oviposit through their cloacas, just like birds (birds and snakes are both reptiles after all).

    That said, a few snake species, like boas and most sea snakes for example, are ovoviviparous, meaning that the female will retain her eggs internally until they hatch either inside her cloaca or immediately after they are expelled. This is in contrast to viviparous placental mammals, which lack eggs entirely, and mammalian neonates are physically attached to their mother and nourished via a placenta.

    Most snakes just lay eggs normally though, and either abandon them immediately after laying them (like most colubrids) or coil around them to provide warmth and protection during the months it takes for them to incubate (pythons for example), just as a bird will sit on her eggs. Some snakes, like King Cobras, even build avian-esque nests out of twigs and grasses. After oviposition, the female guards the eggs vigilantly and without repose for many weeks. As soon as the brood shows signs of hatching, however, all parental instinct is abjured, and the mother snake will desert the nest, leaving the hatchlings to fend for themselves.

    No snake, and indeed no creature at all that I’m aware of, reproduce using their mouth. Have you ever seen a woman vomit up a baby?

    Credit; Jason Sarasti

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    Actual WASSCE 2022 Integrated Science Past Questions and Answers

    seekersnewsgh

    UPDATED WASSCE SYLLABUS FOR INTEGRATED SCIENCE AND DOCS FOR TEACHING INT. SCIENCE

    Integrated Science : Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Practical Lesson SHS

    JOIN OUR SHS LEARNERS PLATFORM TELEGRAM 

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    The integrated science papers are ;

    Paper 1 Objectives

    Paper 2 theory

    Paper 3 Practical’s.

     

    Students were asked to answer the questions on the Question paper.

    You’ll be required to answer Four Questions only. 

    Duration is usually 1 1/2 hours for the Paper 2.

    2022 examination past questions and answers integrated science

    1.  (a)    (i)  Name three substances that are excreted from human body

    (ii)  Name two organs in humans which perform excretory functions

    (b)    (i) what is grafting as used in crop production?

    (ii)  State three benefits of Grafting

    (c)      (i) Two ways in which scientific methods is important

    (ii)  Give one reason for each of the following

    a0   Do not wear rubber slippers to The laboratory

    b0    Close all tabs before leaving the laboratory

    c0    Spell liquids must be clean immediately

    (d)          (i) Explain briefly the term earthing as used in household wiring

    (ii) Name two sources of electric power generation

     

    Answers

    1.  (a)    (i)   Three substances that are excreted from human body

    Carbon dioxide
    Salt
    Bile pigment
    Urea

    (ii)  Two organs in humans which perform excretory functions.

    Liver

    Skin

    Lungs

    Kidneys.

    (b)    (i) Grafting as used in crop production?

    seekersnewsgh

    Grafting is a process in which part of different plants known as the shoot or Scion is connected or joined to another plant of the same species known as the stock to grow as one plant

    (ii)   Three benefits of Grafting

    Can be done under any weather condition

    Easy method of Multiplication of plants

    Can be use to produce varities of the same plant

    Early Maturity

     

    (c)      (i) Two ways in which scientific methods is important

    Helps to identify Problems

    Provides logical procedure at drawing valid conclusions

    (ii)  one reason for each of the following

     

    a0   Do not wear rubber slippers to The laboratory

    To avoid slipping that may cause damage or hurt

    b0    Close all tabs before leaving the laboratory

    To Avoid flooding with water.

    c0    Spill liquids must be clean immediately

    seekersnewsgh

    To Avoid slipping

    (d)          (i) Explain briefly the term earthing as used in household wiring

    It is the transfer of electrical charges from the atmosphere directly to the earth through a wire buried in the  ground.

    (ii) Two sources of electric power generation

    Solar, Wind, Biogas , Nuclear, Hydro/water , Diesel

    Question 2

    2.  (a)    (i) Give four reasons why farmers should be discouraged from using chemical fertilizers

    (b)    (i) what is temporary hard water?

    (ii) Write a chemical equation to show how the Temporary hard water can be softened  by heating.

    (c)      (i) What is lever

    (ii)Explain each of the following terms as applied to simple machines

    a0   Mechanical advantage

    b0  Velocity ratio

    (d)          (i) what is food processing

    (ii) State

    a0  two advantages of food processing

    b0  One disadvantage of food processing

     

    Answers

    seekersnewsgh

    2.  (a)    (i) Four reasons why farmers should be discouraged from using chemical fertilizers

    Are harmful to soil living organism

    They are expensive

    It increases the acidity of the soil

    It can cause food poisoning

    They are easily leached

    (b)    (i) Temporary hard water

    This is the hardness of water caused by hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates) of calcium and magnesium  pg 37 Integrated science for senior high schools 2. gov text books.

    (ii) Write a chemical equation to show how the Temporary hard water can be softened  by heating.

    Ca(HCO3)2   – CaCO3  + CO2  + H2O   or  Mg(HCO3)2  – heat – MgCO3  + CO2  + H2O

    (c)      (i) lever

    Is a rigid bar which moves freely around a Pivot.

    (ii)   a0   Mechanical advantage

    Mechanical Advantage is the ratio of the loan to the effort applied to the machine.

    b0  Velocity ratio

    Is the ratio distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load.

    (d)          (i) Food processing

    Is the chemical operations on food in order to preserve it.

    (ii) a0  two advantages of food processing

    Increases the commercial value of food

    improves the shelf life of food products

    Makes food available for easy marketing

    Allows the addition of food nutrients to improve it quality

     

    b0  One disadvantage of food processing

    Loss of nutrient

    Food may not taste well

    Frequent intake may lead to serious health issues.

     

     

    Question 3

    3.  (a)    (i) Mention three benefit that Ghana could derived from nuclear energy.

    (ii) List two types of nuclear radiation

    (b) State the scientific principle involved in each of the following local industry

    a0 Kenkey production
    b0 Soap production
    c0 Salt production
    d0 Vegetable oil production
    e0 Gari processing

     

    (c)      (i) list two micronutrients in the soil

    (ii) Differentiate between broadcasting and side dressing method of fertilizer application

     

    (d)          (i) Differentiate between conductors and semiconductors

    (ii) Name two appliances in a home which use semiconductors

    Answers

    3.  (a)    (i) Three benefit that Ghana could derived from nuclear energy.

    Generation of Electricity

    For the treatment of Cancer

    For Research

    For the Production of nuclear weapons

    (ii) Two types of nuclear radiation

    Alpha particles

    Beta Particles

    Gamma rays

    (b) scientific principle involved in each of the following local industry

    a0 Kenkey production    Fermentation 
    b0 Soap production       Saponification 
    c0 Salt production           Evaporation 
    d0 Vegetable oil production    Fermentation / Chemical extraction
    e0 Gari processing             Fermentation / Evaporation 

     

    (c)      (i) Two micronutrients in the soil

    Chloride

    Iron

    Boron

    Copper

    Nickel

    (ii) Difference between broadcasting and side dressing method of fertilizer application

    Broadcasting methods of fertiizer application involved the use of hand to spread the fertilizer over the soil Whilst  side dressing is when the fertilizer is placed in one particular spot near the plant or the the roots of grain crops

    (d)          (i) Difference between conductors and semiconductors

    Conductors are materials which allow electrons to pass through them (seekersnewsgh) Whilst  Semi-conductors are solid materials which electrons are held in covalent bond or materials whose conductivity lies between conductors and insulators.

    (ii) Name two appliances in a home which use semiconductors

    Solar panel

    LED Bulbs

    Microwave

    Central Processing Unit CPU

    Washing Machines

    Radio Sets

    TV sets

    Question 4

    4.  (a)    (i) state three conditions to be considered when selecting viable seeds for planting

    (ii) State two characteristics of good seeds

    (b)    (i) state ohm’s law

    (ii) A resistor has a resistance of 12.5 ohms. If a current of 10 Amperes passes through the resistor, calculate the potential difference across a resistor.

    (c)      (i) Differentiate between a pandemic and an an epidemic

    (ii) state two roles of the world health organisation  (seekersnewsgh) in a management of the COVID-19 disease

     

    (d)          (i) Name two instrument used for measuring the volume of liquids accurately

    (ii) Give three reasons why a crate measurement is necessary

    Answers

    4.  (a)    (i) Three conditions to be considered when selecting viable seeds for planting

    Cost of Seed

    Desired Colour

    Moisture content of the seed

    Seed must be free from infection

    only whole seed must be selected

    (ii) Two characteristics of Good seeds

    Free from Dirt

    Disease  Free

    Free from Pest

    Free from holes

    (b)    (i) Ohm’s law

    States that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the conductor, provided the temperature  and other physical properties remains constant.

    seekersnewsgh

    (ii) A resistor has a resistance of 12.5 ohms. If a current of 10 Amperes passes through the resistor, calculate the potential difference across a resistor.

    V = IR

    V = 10 x 12.5

    V = 125V

    (c)      (i) Difference between a pandemic and an an epidemic

    Pandemic is a disease occurring world wide over wide area crossing international boundaries which usually effects a large number of people Whilst Epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people within a community or population/region.

    (ii) Two roles of the world health organisation in a management of the COVID-19 disease

    seekersnewsgh

    Establishes a Respond fund

    Research

    Distribute very important medical supplies

    Provide education on the disease

    Advices countries on critical interventions

    (d)          (i) Two instrument used for measuring the volume of liquids accurately

    Pipette

    Burette

    Volumetric Flask

    Calibrated Beaker

    (ii) Three reasons why a crate measurement is necessary

    seekersnewsgh

    To prevent cheating

    To prevent Wastage

    To avoid error

    Avoid over dose and under dose of medicine

     

    Question 5

    5.  (a)    (i) Give three examples of endoparasites of cattle

    (ii) Enumerate two method of controlling pest of cattle

    seekersnewsgh

    (b)    (i) What is a formula mass of a compound?

    (ii) An atom Q has 12 neutrons and 11 protons

    a0 Calculate its mass number

    b0 Write its electron configuration

    c0 What type of ion will Q for me no compound

    (c)      (i) state two ways by which humans could be protected from harmful effects of radioactivity

    (ii) Give three uses of radioisotopes

    a0   Do not wear rubber slippers to The laboratory

    b0    Close all tabs before leaving the laboratory

    c0    Spell liquids must be clean immediately

    (d)          State five effects of climate change on humans

    seekersnewsgh

    Answers

    5.  (a)    (i) Three examples of Endoparasites of cattle

    Tapeworm

    Liver Flukes

    Round worm

    Pin Worm

    (ii) Two method of controlling pest of cattle

    seekersnewsgh

    Dipping / Oral method

    Hand picking

    Quarantine

    Good Farm sanitation

    Using recommended repellants

    (b)    (i)Formula mass of a compound?

    seekersnewsgh

    Integrated Science : Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Practical Lesson SHS

    It is the sum of relative atomic mass of atoms that constitute a chemical formula

    (ii) An atom Q has 12 neutrons and 11 protons

    Number of protons + number of neutrons = 11 + 12  = 23

    b0 Write its electron configuration

    2, 8, 1

    c0 Type of ion will Q form in  a compound

    Cation

    (c)      (i) Two ways by which humans could be protected from harmful effects of radioactivity.

    Minimize time of exposure

    Move far away from source of radiation

    By using protective clothing

    (ii) Three uses of radioisotopes

    seekersnewsgh

    For food preservation

    Pest Control

    Crop improvement

    Sterilization of equipment

    Use as a fuel in nuclear reactor

    To establish ages of various objects

    (d)          Five effects of climate change on humans

    Change in rainfall  affects farming /food availability

    It can lead to shortage of food /rise in hunger

    River overflow their banks affecting crops

    Frequent flooding displaces people

    Drought can lead to scarcity of water for humans.

    It leads to hotter or warmer temperature which increases heat related illness

    Question 6

    seekersnewsgh

    6.  (a)    (i) What are alkanoates ?

    (ii) state three uses of alkanoates

    (b)    (i) Explain the term weathering

    (ii) State three ways of maintaining soil fertility on a sloppy land

    (c)      (i) Give two reasons why genetic variation is important in living organisms

    (ii) Give three examples of genetic variations in humans

    (d)          (i) State Archimedes principles

    (ii) A box of volume 200 M3 float on Sea water of density 10.30 kg per cubic metre.
    Calculate the Upthrust of the sea water on the boat [g = 10 ms-2 ] Name two sources of electric power generation

    Answers

    seekersnewsgh

    6.  (a)    (i) What are alkanoates ?

    They are products /esters / salts formed  when an organic acid reacts with an alcohol

    (ii) State three uses of alkanoates

    Use as perfume

    use as solvent

    Use in the production of plastics / Polymers

    Use in making glycerol

     

    (b)    (i) Explain the term weathering

    Is the breakdown of rocks into smaller into smaller particles to form soil.

    (ii) Three ways of maintaining soil fertility on a sloppy land

    seekersnewsgh

    Cover cropping

    Strip Cropping

    Terracing

    Countour ploughing

    Land rotation

    (c)      (i) Two reasons why genetic variation is important in living organisms

    Prevents  extinction of species

    Helps in disease resistance in organism

    It ensures the survival of the species

    (ii) Three examples of genetic variations in humans

    seekersnewsgh

    Skin colour

    Hair Colour

    Blood type

    Baldness

    Sickling

    Dimples

    Colour blindness

    Albinism

    Height

    Rhesus factor

    (d)          (i) State Archimedes principles

    A body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid experiences an upward force called upthrust  which is equal to the weight of fluid displaced.

    (ii) A box of volume 200 cubic metre  float on Sea water of density 10.30 kg per cubic metre.
    Calculate the Upthrust of the sea water on the boat [g = 10 metre per second squared ]

    seekersnewsgh

    Upthrust  = Volume x density x gravity

    Upthrust  =200 x 10.30  x 10

    Upthrust = 20, 600 N

    Learn More

    UPDATED WASSCE SYLLABUS FOR INTEGRATED SCIENCE AND DOCS FOR TEACHING INT. SCIENCE

    Integrated Science Lessons SHS

    Soil Conservation Objectives Integrated Science WASSCE Standard lesson 0019

    Electrical Energy Pasco Integrated Science WASSCE Standard

    www.seekersnewsgh.com 

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    UPDATED WASSCE SYLLABUS FOR INTEGRATED SCIENCE AND DOCS FOR TEACHING INT. SCIENCE

    UPDATED WASSCE SYLLABUS FOR INTEGRATED SCIENCE AND DOCS FOR TEACHING INT. SCIENCE

    Teaching integrated science requires teaching techniques as much as possible with all necessary documents.

    Some Documents you shouldn’t miss when teaching Integrated science are the following

    Your Integrated Science Textbooks

    The Government Textbook for Integrated Science;  Some of the other Textbooks’ definitions are not accepted by WAEC when Preparing  WASSCE MARKING SCHEME. Always Compar….

    A Past Question Book

    The Integrated Science GES Syllabus

    The Integrated Science WASSCE Syllabus

    Using Just the Textbooks can make you over Teach, Non-Sylla …

    Using all the Textbooks and documents without the Past Question Book, can make you miss some important things you should pay more attention to during lessons.

     

    Here is the WASSCE SYLLABUS FOR INTEGRATED SCIENCE

     

    1. PREAMBLE

     

     This syllabus was evolved from the teaching syllabus for the Senior High School Integrated  Science issued by the Ghana Education Service in September, 2010.

     Integrated Science seeks to equip the individual with the integrated body of scientific knowledge  and raise the level of scientific literacy of the individuals with comprehensive scientific skills that  enable them to function in the    present technological era.

      Education in science also provides opportunity for the development of positive attitudes and values.

    1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SYLLABUS

    This syllabus seeks to among other things, enable students to:

    • Acquire the skill to solve basic problems within their immediate environment through analysis and experimentation;

     

    • Keep a proper balance of the diversity of the living and non-living things based on their interconnectedness and repeated patterns of change;

     

    • Adopt sustainable habits for managing the natural environment for humankind and

    society;

     

    • Use appliances and gadgets effectively with ca lear understanding of their basic operations and underlying principles.

     

    • Explore, conserve and optimise the use of energy as an important resource for the living world;

     

    • Adopt a scientific way of life based on pragmatic observation and investigation of phenomena;

     

    • Search for solutions to problems of life recognizing the interaction of science, technology and other disciplines.

     

    3.       REQUIREMENTS

     

    It is presumed that candidates taking the examination must have:

     

    • Carried out activities relating to rearing of at least one of the following groups of animals:
      • chickens/ducks/turkeys
      • goats/sheep/cattle
      • guinea pigs, rabbits

     

    • Paid visits to well established farms, and institutions relate agriculture/research/manufacturing to observe scientific work and application of science;

     

    • Kept practical notebooks on records of individual laboratory and field activities performed.

     

    4.           SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

     

    The examination will consist of three papers: Paper 1, 2 and 3 which must be taken for a  total of 190 marks. Papers 1 and 2 will be taken at a sitting for a duration of  2 1/2 hours.

    PAPER 1:        Will be an objective test. It will consist of 50 multiple-choice

    questions, all of which should be answered  within 1 hour for 50 marks.

     

    PAPER 2:          Will consist of six essay –type questions. Candidates will be required to answer any four questions within 1 1/2hours.

    Each question will carry 20 marks. The total score will be 80 marks.

     

    PAPER 3:        Will consist of four questions on test of practical knowledge, all  of which should be answered within 2 hours for 60 marks.

     

    Questions will be asked on the topics set out in the column headed            “CONTENTS”.

    The “ NOTES” are intended to indicate the scope of the questions but they are not to be considered as an exhaustive list of limitations and illustrations.

     

    NOTE: The S.I units will be used for all calculations. However multiples or sub- multiples of the units may also be used.

     

    CONTENTS NOTES
    A. DIVERSITY OF MATTER
     

    1.

    		 Introduction to Integrated Science  

     

     
    1.1 Concept of Integrated

     

    1.2 The scientific method

     

     

    1.3 Safety precautions in the laboratory

     

    2.          Measurement

    2.1 Basic quantities, derived quantities and their units.

    		 Explanation of Science as an interrelated body of knowledge. Carriers in science and technology.

     

    Identification of the problem. Hypothesis formulation. Experimentation. Data collection. Analysis and conclusion.

     

    Safety measures taken in the laboratory and reasons for them.

     

    Basic quantities and units of scientific measurement: Length (m), Mass (kg),Time (s),

    Temperature (K), Current (A), Light intensity (cd), Amount of substance (mol).Derived quantities and their units: Volume (m3), Density

     

     

     

     

     

    2.2 Measuring

    instruments

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    2.3 Measurement of density and

    relative density

     

     

     

    3.      Diversity of living and non-living things

    3.1Characteristics of living things

     

     

     

     

     

    3.2 Classification schemes of living and non-living things.

     

     

     

     

     

    4.      Matter

    4.1        Particulate nature of matter

     

    4.2        Elements, compound, and

    mixtures

     

    4.3        Ionic and covalent compounds

    		 (kgm-3), Velocity(ms-1), Force (N), Work and Energy (J), Quantity of electricity (C), Electric resistance (&!), Potential difference (V), Power (W).

    Identification and use of measuring instruments such as ruler, balances, stop watch, thermometer, measuring cylinder, callipers, hydrometer, pipette and burette to

    measure in various units. Necessity for

    measurement

    Sources of error

     

    Experiments to determine the density of equal volumes of water and salt solution. Comparison of densities of water and salt solution. Simple experiments of density of regular and irregular objects.

     

     

    Differences between living and non-living things based on the life processes: movement, nutrition, growth, respiration, excretion, reproduction, irritability should be considered. Detailed treatment of the life processes not required. Explanation of biodiversity

     

     

    Importance of classification. Contribution of Aristotle, Linnaeus, and Mendeleev. Treatment to include the following levels or ranks: Living things- kingdom, division/ phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Elements- metals and non metals (1st to 20th elements in the periodic table).

     

    Atoms, molecules, ions, atomic structure.

     

     

    Differences between elements, compounds and mixtures.

     

     

    Ionic and covalent bond formation.

    Characteristic properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

    IUPAC  names of common compounds.

     

     

     

     

     

    4.4 Atomic number, mass number, isotopes and relative atomic mass of given elements

     

    4.5 Mole, molar mass and formula mass

     

     

     

     

     

    4.6 Preparation of solutions

     

     

    5.      Cells

    5.1        Plant and animal cells

     

     

    5.2        Types of plant and animal cells

    (Specialised cells)

     

     

     

    6.      Rocks

     

    6.1        Types, formation and characteristics of rocks.

     

    6.2        Weathering of rocks

     

     

     

     

     

    7.      Acids, bases, and salts

    7.1        Simple definition of acids, bases,

    salts

     

    7.2        Physical and chemical properties of acids, bases and salts

    		  

     

     

     

    Relative atomic masses should be explained using the periodic table.

    Carbon-12 isotope should be mentioned as reference scale.

     

    The mole as unit of the physical quantity; amount of substance. Mention should be made of Avogadro‟s number. Calculation of formula mass and molar mass using relative atomic masses. Calculation of amount of substance in moles given its mass.

     

    Preparation of standard solution of NaOH, HCl, NaCl and sugar. Dilution of standard solution.

     

     

    Structure and function of plant and animal cells. Drawing and labelling required.

     

    Red blood cell, nerve cell, leaf epidermal cell, sperm cell, leaf palisade cells, lymphocyte and phagocyte. Functions of cell organelles required.

     

     

     

     

    Formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and their characteristics.

     

    Physical, biological and chemical weathering of rocks. Explanation of the effect of hydration, hydrolysis, carbonation and oxidation on rocks is required.

     

    Definition of acids and bases in terms of proton transfer (Bronsted- Lowry concept).

     

     

     

    Properties and uses of acids, bases and salts. Description of laboratory preparation of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and ammonia gases. Test for hydrogen, carbon dioxide and ammonia gases.

     

    7.3 Examples of chemical substances  

     
     

     

     

     

     

    8.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    		 classified as acids, bases or salts

    7.4 Methods of preparation of salts

    7.5 Acid-base indicators

    7.6 Determination of pH of a given solutions.

    Soil conservation

    8.1 Principles of soil and water conservation

    8.2 Classification of soil nutrients

    8.3 Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients

    8.4 Maintenance of

    soil fertility

    8.5 Organic and inorganic fertilizers

    8.6 Depletion of soil resources

    		 Simple chemical tests to classify chemical substances as acids, bases, or salts.

     

     

    Preparation of salts using the following methods: neutralization, precipitation, acid + salt, and  acid + metal.

    Description of the colours developed by phenolphthalein, litmus and methyl orange in dilute acids and dilute bases.

     

    The nature and use of the universal indicator and pH metre. Determination of soil pH is required.

     

    Explanation of the concept of soil conservation. Description of activities to conserve soil water and maintain soil fertility; irrigation, mulching, addition of organic matter or crop rotation.

     

    Macro (major)nutrients; nitrogen (N), potassium(K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca),magnesium (Mg),  sulphur (S).

    Micro (minor)nutrients: boron(B), zinc(Zn) molybdenum(Mo), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), chlorine(Cl), iron(Fe).

     

    Description of the deficiency symptoms of the following nutrients in plants: nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, mangenese and iron.

     

     

    Application of organic and  inorganic  manures/ fertilizers, crop rotation, cover cropping, liming, and  green manuring.

     

     

    Identification and classification of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Methods of applying fertilizers.

     

    Factors which lead to the depletion of soil resources: erosion, overgrazing, poor farming methods, dumping of non-biodegradable waste on land, improper

    irrigation and drainage practices, surface mining and quarrying, deforestation, and excessive use of fertilizer.

     

    9.        Water

    9.1           Physical and chemical properties of water

     

     

     

     

    9.2           Hardness and softness of water.

     

     

     

     

    9.3           Treatment of water for public

    consumption

     

    10.    Metals and non-metals

    10.1       Classification of materials

     

     

     

     

    10.2       Uses of metals, semi-metals and non-metals

     

    10.3       Alloys

     

     

     

     

     

     

    11.    Exploitation of minerals

     

     

     

     

    12.    Rusting

    12.1       Process of rusting

     

     

     

     

     

    12.2       Prevention of rusting

    		  

    Experiments to  determine/ demonstrate:

    (i)      boiling point of water.

    (ii)    the solvent action of water on a variety of substances.

    (iii)  presence of dissolved substances (iv) polar nature of water.

    Uses of water.

     

    Advantages and disadvantages of hard and soft water. Causes of hardness of water (Ca++, Mg++, Fe++ ions). Softening hard water (addition of washing soda, ion exchange, boiling and distillation).

     

    Steps involved in the treatment of water for public consumption.

     

     

    Classification of materials into metals, semi-metals (metalloids), and non-metals. Physical properties of metals, semi-metals and non-metals under conductivity, luster, malleability, ductility, sonority, density, melting point and tensile strength.

     

    Uses of the following elements: Al, Cu,

    Fe, Au, C, O2, N2.  Application of semi-metals.

     

    Examples of alloys and their constituent elements (steel, bronze, brass).Uses of alloys. Advantages of alloys in manufacture of certain household items.

     

     

    Exploitation of the following minerals in Ghana: Bauxite, diamond, gold, crude oil and kaolin. Negative impact of exploitation of minerals mentioned and how to minimize the effect.

     

     

    Conditions necessary for rusting.

    Experiments to show that air and water are necessary for rusting. Experiments to show that salt, dilute acid, dilute base and heat affect the rate of rusting in iron.

     

    Methods of preventing rusting: oiling/ greasing, painting, galvanizing, tin-coating, electroplating, cathode protection and

     

     

     

    13.    Organic and inorganic compounds

     

     

     

     

     

     

    13.1    Classification of chemicals as organic and inorganic

     

    13.2    Neutralization And esterterification

     

    13.3    Petrochemicals

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    B. CYCLES

     

    1.         Air movement

    1.1    Land and sea breeze

     

     

    1.2    Types of air masses and their movement

     

    1.3    Effect of moving air

    masses

     

     

     

     

     

    2.         Nitrogen cycle

    2.1    Importance

    		 keeping the metal dry. Effectiveness of the various methods of preventing rusting. Items in the home that undergo rusting.

     

    Hydrocarbons (first four members in each group), alkanols (methanol, ethanol, propanol), alkanoic acids (first two

    members), alkanoates (first two members), fats and oils. Functional groups, properties and uses of organic compounds.

     

    Differences between organic and inorganic compounds. Importance of organic chemistry in industrialization.

     

     

    Differences between neutralization and esterification. Equations representing neutralization and esterification reactions.

     

     

    Sources, application and effects of petrochemicals on the environment.

    The refinery of crude oil. Uses of petrochemical such as plastics, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

     

     

     

    Explanation of formation of land and sea breezes. Demonstration of convectional currents using smoke-box and heated water with crystals of KMnO4.

     

    Trade winds: Easterlies and Westerlies. Description of the direction of movement of major air masses on the earth‟s surface.

     

    Differences between air masses and storm. Effect of moving air masses: spread of pollutants and effect on climate. Precautions against effects of storms.

    Use of the future‟s wheel to trace effects of spread of pollutants by air masses required. Tornados, hurricanes, typhoons should be mentioned.

    Drawing and description of the nitrogen cycle

    Importance of the nitrogen cycle to plants and

     

    3.      Hydrological cycle

    3.1      Distribution of earth‟s water

     

     

     

     

    3.2      Hydrological cycle

     

     

    3.3      Sources of water

    contamination

     

     

    3.4      Effects of water

    contamination

    3.5      Water conservation

    methods

     

     

    4.      Life cycles of pests and parasites

    4.1      Types of pests and parasites

     

     

     

     

     

     

    4.2      Life cycles of some pests and parasites of human, plants

    and farm animals

     

     

     

    5.      Crop production

    5.1      General principles of crop production

     

     

    5.2      Production of crops

    		 animals.

     

    Location of earth‟s water (groundwater and surface water) and how much of it is available for human use. Percentage distribution of water on the earth‟s surface to be mentioned.

     

    Processes involved in the hydrological cycle using appropriate diagrams. Relevance of hydrological cycle to plants and animals.

    Main sources of water contamination: domestic waste, trade waste, industrial waste, radioactive waste, and „special‟ waste such as waste from hospital.

     

    Water-washed, water-based and insect- based  carrier diseases

     

    Household water treatment, waste water treatment, safe water storage, modern and traditional rainwater harvesting systems.

     

     

    Distinguish between pests and parasites.

    Common pests of humans and farm animals (cockroach, housefly, tsetsefly, and mosquito) common endoparasites, tapeworm, liver fluke and round worm), common ectoparasites (tick, bed bug louse, flea, mite). Common pests and parasites of plants (rice and maize weevils, mistletoe, dodder and cassytha beetle and stem borers.

     

    Life cycles of the following: an endoparasite

    (tape worm, and guinea worm), pest of humans

    [Anopheles mosquito] malaria parasite (Plasmodium), a crop pest (weevil). Control methods of the pests and parasites are required.

     

     

    Selection of appropriate varieties, site selection and land preparation, methods of propagation and planting methods, cultural practices, pest and disease control, harvesting, processing, storage and marketing.

     

    Application of all crop production mentioned in 5.1 to produce a crop, harvest, generate new planting materials, keep records and market.

     

     

     

     

     

    6.          General principles of farm animal production:

    6.1  Main activities involved in farm animal production

     

    6.2  Ruminant production

     

     

     

     

    6.3  Production of non-ruminant

     

     

    C. SYSTEMS

     

    1.    Skeletal system

    1.1      The mammalian skeleton

     

     

     

    2.    Reproduction and growth in plants

    2.1      Structure of flowers

     

     

     

     

     

    2.2      Pollination and fertilization

     

     

    2.3      Fruits

     

     

    2.4      Seeds

     

     

     

    2.5      Seeds and fruits

    		 Precautions against post harvest losses. Production should be limited to the following crops: vegetables (okro/lettuce/carrot); cereals (maize/millet); legumes (cowpea/groundnut); root crop (cassava); stem tuber (yam).

     

    Selection of suitable breeds, choice of management system, breeding systems and care of the young, management practices including animal health care and feeding, finishing, processing and marketing of produce.

     

     

    Types of breeds and their characteristics, management practices, breeding systems, common pests and diseases and marketing of products. Production should be limited to cattle, goats and sheep.

     

    Main activities outlined in  6.1 to produce a non-ruminant farm animal. Production limited to poultry, pigs and rabbits.

     

     

     

    Major parts and functions of the mammalian skeleton. Axial skeleton: skull and vertebral column. Appendicular skeleton: limbs and the limb girdles. Types of joints. Detailed treatment of the individual bones not required.

     

    Parts of a flower and variation in flower structure. Examination of complete flower and half flower with free parts. Bi-sexual flower ( Flamboyant or Pride of Barbados or Hibiscus sp.). Uni-sexual flower with free parts ( water melon, gourd and pawpaw). Drawing and labelling of complete and half flower required.

     

    Processes of pollination and fertilization. Adaptations of flowers for pollination required.  Formation of fruits and seeds.

     

    Classification of fruits into dry fruits and fleshy or succulent fruits.

     

    Seed structure: endospermous

    (monocotyledon) and non- endospermous

    (dicotyledon)seeds. Functions of parts of seeds.

     

    dispersal

     

     

     

    2.6 Seed germination

     

     

     

    2.7 Vegetative (Asexual) reproduction in plants

     

     

    3.    Respiratory system

     

     

     

     

    3.1    Aerobic and anaerobic

    respiration

     

    3.2    Structure and functions of the respiratory

    system in mammals

     

    3.3    Inhalation and exhalation

     

    3.4    Problems and disorders of the respiratory

    system

     

    3.5    Exchange of respiratory gases in plants.

     

     

     

    4.    Food and nutrition

    4.1    Classes of food and food substances

    		 Structure of seeds/ fruits and how they are adapted to their mode of dispersal. Agents of dispersal. Explosive mechanism in fruits of Balsam and Pride of Barbados. Advantages and disadvantages of seed and fruit dispersal.

     

    The process and conditions for germination. Types of germination: hypogeal and epigeal.

     

    Formation of new plants from corms, bulbs, setts, rhizomes, cuttings, stolons, runners. Distinction between budding and grafting. Importance of the methods of vegetative propagation.

     

    Explanation of respiration and how energy is released from food substances for living organisms. Importance of respiration to living organisms.

     

    Distinction between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

     

     

    Identification of the respiratory organs of the respiratory system. Functions of the trachea, lungs, ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm.

     

     

    Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation.

     

     

    Lung cancer, asthma, tuberculosis, whooping cough and pneumonia.

    Prevention and control of these problems and disorders.

     

    Description of how respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon(IV)oxide ) are taken in and out of plants. Importance of cell (tissue) respiration. Glycolysis and Kreb‟s cycle not required.

     

     

    Classes of food and food substance and their importance:carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, mineral salts and water. Importance of balanced diet. Food test for starch protein and lipids.

     

    4.2 Malnutrition

     

     

     

     

     

    4.3 Food

    fortification and enrichment

     

    4.4 Health benefits of water

     

    5.          Dentition, feeding and digestion in mammals

     

    5.1    Structure of different types of teeth in relation to their

    functions

     

    5.2    Care of teeth in humans

     

    5.3    Digestive system of

    human

     

    6.          Transport: Diffusion, osmosis and plasmolysis.

     

     

     

     

     

     

    7.          Excretory system

     

     

    7.1    Excretory organs

     

     

     

    7.2    Disorders of urinary systems

    in humans

     

     

    8.          Reproductive system

    		  

    Explanation of malnutrition and its effects. Relationship between diet and certain diseases – night blindness, high blood pressure, diabetes,

    obesity, lactose intolerance, and

    Kwashiorkor.Importance of roughage.

     

     

    The essence of food fortication and enrichment.

    Determination of body mass index (BMI)

     

     

    The importance of water to the human body.

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Structure and functions of the teeth.

    Drawing and labelling of a vertical section of a typical tooth. Differences in dentition in humans and other mammals in relation to diet.

     

     

    Proper ways of caring for the teeth to prevent dental problems.

     

    Structure and functions of digestive systems in humans.

     

     

    Explanation of diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis. Simple experiments to demonstrate diffusion in air and in liquids; osmosis in living tissue and in non-living tissue. Examples of diffusion and osmosis in nature.

     

     

     

    Explanation of excretion. Distinction between excretion and egestion.

     

    Excretory organs ( lungs, skin, liver and kidney). Elimination of products from the body. Structure of the skin and the kidneys.

     

    Bed wetting, urine retention, kidney stone prostate and their remedies.

     

    and growth in

    mammals

     

     

    8.1 Mammalian reproductive system

     

     

    8.2 Male and female Circumcision

     

    8.3 Fertilization, development of the zygote and birth in humans.

     

     

    8.4 The process of birth and care

    for the young

     

    8.5 Problems associated with reproduction in

    humans

     

    8.6 Sexually transmitted infections

    (STI‟s)

     

     

    8.7 Phases of growth and development

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    9.    The circulatory system

    9.1 The structure and functions of the circulatory system of humans

    		  

     

     

     

     

    Structure and function of male and female reproductive systems.

     

     

    Advantages and disadvantages circumcision.

     

     

    The process of fertilization, development of zygote (pregnancy) and birth. Formation of twins: identical, fraternal, and siamese. Details of cell division and anatomy of the embryo not required.

     

    The process of birth in mammals, including pre-natal, post-natal and parental care.

     

    Causes and effects of miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, impotence, fibroid, disease infections and ovarian cyst.

     

     

    Types: HIV/ AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, candidiasis, herpes, chlamydia and their mode of transmission. Effects of STI‟s on the health and reproduction in humans.

     

    Physical and behavioural changes associated with each phase of human development: losing milk teeth and development of permanent teeth, increase in mass, height, development of secondary sexual characters, e.g. menstruation in girls (pre-menstrual syndrome in some women- accompanied by violent moods or depression), wet dreams in boys. Changes in old age should include menopause and its associated problems.

     

     

    The flow of blood through the heart, the lungs and the body of humans. Functions of the heart, the veins and the arteries in the circulatory system . Detailed structure of cellular components of the blood vessels not required.

     

     

    9.2 Composition and

    functions of blood

     

     

     

    9.3 Disorders associated with the blood and the blood circulatory

    system

     

    10.      Nervous system

    10.1    Structure and

    the function of nervous

    system

     

     

     

    10.2    Causes and effects of damage to the central nervous

    system

     

    10.3    Voluntary and involuntary

    actions

     

     

    10.4    Endocrine system and its functions

     

     

     

    D.  ENERGY

     

    1. Forms of energy and energy transformation

    		  

     

    The structure of blood cells. Functions of blood and blood circulatory system.

     

     

     

    High blood pressure, low blood pressure and hole-in- heart, leukemia, anaemia.

     

     

     

     

    Parts of the brain and their functions:

    fore-brain (cerebrum), mid-brain

    (cerebellum), hind-brain (medulla oblongata). The spinal cord as part of the central nervous system. Details of electrical and chemical nature of impulse transmission not required.

     

     

    Accidents, diseases, drug abuse and depression.

     

     

     

     

     

    Distinction between voluntary and involuntary actions. Importance of reflex action. The reflex arc.

     

     

     

    Glands producing hormones, normal functions of hormones and its effects of overproduction and underproduction. The role of thyroxin, adrenaline, testosterone, oestrogen and insulin. Importance of iodated salt.

     

     

     

    Illustrations with flow charts to show the following energy transformations: solar energy to chemical in photosynthesis, Chemical energy to electrical energy in voltaic cells, solar energy to electrical energy in solar cells, chemical energy in fossil fuel into thermal energy/ electrical energy, potential energy to kinetic energy in falling object, electrical energy to light

     

     

     

    1.1 Conservation of energy and efficiency of energy conversion

     

     

     

     

     

    2.    Solar energy

    2.1    Uses of solar energy

     

     

     

    2.2    Application of solar energy

     

     

     

     

     

    3.    Photosynthesis

    3.1    The process of photosynthesis

     

     

     

    3.2    Conversion of light energy to chemical

    energy

     

     

    4.    Electronics

    4.1    Claasification of solid materials into conductors, semiconductors and insulators

     

    4.2    Behaviour of discrete

    electronic components

    		 energy in bulbs, chemical energy is released from glucose during cellular respiration.

     

    Explanation of the principle of conservation of energy. Demonstration of the principle of transformation by considering the transformation of potential energy to kinetic energy using a falling object.

    Explanation of efficiency using the expression:

    E =  energy output  x 100% energy input

     

    The main applications of solar energy: generating electricity, drying materials and heating substances.

     

    Practical activities to demonstrate the application of solar energy to: dry clothes, heat water for bathing, dry crops for preservation, cook ( boil an egg).

    Advantages of solar energy over the use of fossil fuels as source of energy.

     

    Conditions of photosynthesis: light, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water. Experiments to show the necessity of light, chlorophyll and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

     

    Equations to show how light energy is trapped during the process of photosynthesis and converted to glucose.

    Test for starch in food and leaf.

     

     

     

    Classify solid materials into conductors, semiconductors and insulators. P-type and N- type semiconductors. Behaviour of P.N junction diode in a d.c and a.c electronic circuit. Explanation of rectification.

     

     

    A simple electronic circuit comprising a.c and d.c. source, a resistor and a Light

    Emitting Diode (LED) in series. Behaviourof the

    LED when: the switch is closed, switch is opened, resistor is replaced with capacitor, capacitor is replaced with inductor   or

     

     

     

    4.3 Transistor and its uses

     

     

     

     

     

    4.4 Amplifer

     

     

    5.      Electrical energy

    5.1    Nature and source of static and current

    electricity

     

     

     

    5.2    Electric circuits

     

     

     

     

     

    5.3    Resistance(R), current (I), potential difference (V), and power (P).

     

     

    5.4    Electric power generation

     

     

     

     

    5.5    Power transmission

     

     

     

     

    6.      Sound energy

    6.1    Sources of sound

    		 coil. Repetition of experiment by replacing     the d.c. source wih an a.c. source.

     

    Observe an NPN or PNP Transistor and identify the emitter, the base and the collector.

    The use of transistor as a switch. Behaviour of NPN transistor in circuit with the base at the junction of two resisitors,its collector at the battery and an LED connected to the emitter.

     

    Application of transistor as an amplifier.

     

     

    Explanation of the formation of lighting based on electrostatics. Protection of buildings and installations with lightning arrestors. Sources of static and current electricity.

    Difference between a.c and d.c and their limitations.

     

    Drawing of electric circuit and the functions of each component. Advantages and disadvantages of the components of circuit in series and parallel.

     

     

    Simple calculation of resistance, current, potential difference using the Ohm‟s law. Simple calculation for electric power. Importance of power ratings and power rationing. Efficient use of electric appliances.

     

    Sources of electric power generation: Hydro, thermal, nuclear, solar, wind, tidal and biogas. Basic principles underlying the production of electricity e.g. relative motion between a coil and a magnet.

     

    The gadgets and processes involved in the transmission of power: step-up and step-down transformers, wiring a plug, household wiring, stabilizers, fuses and earthing.

     

    Production of sound from different instruments(pipes, rods or strings and percussions). Nature of sound: velocity, reflection and refraction. Differences in velocity of sound in different media (gas, liquid, solid,

     

     

     

     

     

    6.2 Musical notes

    and noise

     

     

     

     

    6.3 The human ear

     

     

     

    7.        Light energy

    7.1    Reflection and refraction of light

     

    7.2    The mammalian eye

     

     

    7.3    Dispersion of light

     

    7.4Primary and secondary

    colours

     

     

     

    7.5 Electromagnetic spectrum

     

     

     

    8.        Heat energy

    8.1    Nature and sources of heat

    energy

     

     

    8.2    Modes of heat transfer

     

     

     

     

     

    8.3    Temperature

    		 and vacuum). Formation of echoes.

    Determination of the velocity of sound is not required.

     

     

    Classification of different sounds as noise or musical notes (Distinction between musical notes and noise). Explanation of pitch, loudness and quality of musical notes.

     

    Identification of parts of the human ear and description of their functions.

    The importance of ear muffs.

     

     

    Explanation of reflection and refraction of light. Characteristics of images formed by plane mirror.

     

    Structure and functions of the parts of the mammalian eye. Eye defects, causes and their correction using the appropriate lenses.

     

    Explanation of dispersion of light.

    Formation of rainbow.

     

    Distinction between primary (red, green, blue) and secondary (yellow, violet, indigo, orange) colours. Demonstration of the behaviour of objects under different coloured lights.

     

    Explanation of electromagnetic spectrum. Application of each component in the spectrum. Calculation and detailed treatment not required.

     

     

    Explanation of why heat is a form of energy. Sources of heat energy.

     

     

    Demonstration of the rate of flow of heat in a metal bar of different materials.

    Applications of conduction, convection, and radiation ( e.g. vacuum flask and ventilation).

     

    Definition of temperature. Concept of

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    8.4 Thermal expansion

     

     

     

     

    8.5 Change of state of matter

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    9.    Nuclear energy

    9.1    Radioactivity

     

     

     

    9.2    Radioisotopes

     

     

     

     

    9.3    Uses of nuclear energy

     

    9.4    Protection from the

    effects of

    radioactivity

     

    9.5Nuclear waste disposal

     

     

    E. INTERACTIONS

    OF MATTER

    		 thermal equilibrium between  bodies.

    Units: degree Celsius(oC) and kelvin(K) in which temperature is expressed. Fahrenheit should be mentioned. Uses and limitations of different types of thermometers e.g. liquid-in- glass (alcohol and mercury), gas, resistance thermometers. Advantages and disadvantages of mercury and alcohol as thermometric liquids. Clinical thermometer. Thermostat and how it works.

     

    The ball and ring experiment to show that a body expands when heated. Applications of  expansion e.g. thermostats, sagging of electric cable, bursting of inflated hot lorry tyres.

     

    Explanation of how heat causes change of state of matter. Latent heat. Distinction between latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization. Evaporation.

    Application of principles of evaporation in heat reduction e.g. regulation of body temperature by the skin, and cooling of water in  local clay water pots.

     

     

    Causes of nuclear instability and how they emit radiation to become stable. Types of radiation (alpha and beta particles, and gamma rays).

     

    The nature, production and use of radioisotopes: food preservation, sterilization of equipment, treatment of diseases, pest control and crop improvement.

     

    Uses of nuclear energy e.g. in the production of electricity.

     

    Harmful effects of radioactivity and how to protect people from the effects e.g. atomic bombs.

     

     

    Problems associated with the disposal of nuclear waste.

     

     

    1.        Ecosystem

    1.1    Basic ecological

    terms

     

    1.2    Types of ecosystem and their

    components

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    1.3    Food chain

    and  food web

     

     

     

     

     

    2.        Atmosphere and climate change

    2.1    Regions of atmosphere

     

     

     

     

     

    2.2    Human

    activities and

    their effects on

    the atmosphere

     

     

    2.3    Atmospheric pollutants

     

     

     

     

    2.4    Green house

    effect

    		  

     

     

    Explanation of ecological terms: ecosystem, species, population, ecology, ecosphere and community.

     

    Natural ecosystem: fresh water, marine, estuarine, lake, rainforest, savanna and desert. Artificial ecosystem: farmland,man-made lake, roads. Components of ecosystem: biotic/ living (plants and animals) and abiotic/ non- living(soil, air, and water). Effects of the components on each other. Ecological factors: biotic (predation and competition) and abiotic (climatic factors, salinity, altitude and slope of land) Appropriateness of instruments used to measure  abiotic factors.

     

    Explanation of food chain and food web. Identification of components of food chain and food web: producers (green plants), primary consumers ( herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores). Decomposers should be mentioned.

     

    Layers of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Description of the characteristics of each layer in terms of thickness, temperature, air quality and composition,  pressure and support for human activities.

     

     

    Effects of human activities on the atmosphere: air transport, defence, industrialization and agriculture.

     

     

     

    Sources and effects of the following major pollutants: oxides of lead, nitrogen and sulphur; ozone, halons (carbon and halogen compounds).

     

     

    Explanation of „greenhouse‟ and its effect: Global warming and climate change. Possible factors to address the problem of global warming. Greenhouse

     

     

    2.5 Ozone layer

     

     

     

     

     

    2.6 Acid rain

     

     

     

     

    3.      Infection and diseases

    3.1    Causes of diseases

     

     

     

     

    3.2    Common diseases

     

     

     

     

     

    4.      Magnetism

    4.1    Magnetic and non- magnetic materials

     

     

     

     

     

     

    4.2    Magnetic field

     

     

     

     

    4.3    Magnetization and

    demagnetization

     

     

     

    5.      Force, motion, and pressure

    5.1    Force

    		 gases e.g. carbon (IV)oxide and methane.

     

    Ozone layer and how it protects living

    organisms. Causes and effects of the depletion of the ozone layer. Sources and effects of CFCs on the ozone layer.

     

     

    Identification of acidic pollutants which cause acid rain. The effects of acid rain on the environment ( damage to buildings, paints forests etc).

     

     

     

    Pathogenic: bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa and  rickettsia. Non-pathogenic: nutritional, genetic, stress conditions,and poor sanitation.

     

     

    Modes of transmission, symptoms, methods of prevention and control of common diseases ( air borne, water related, insect borne, food contaminated, nutrition, sexually transmitted, communicable, zoonotic diseases).

     

     

    Classification of various kinds of materials as magnetic and non-magnetic. Permanent and temporary magnets. The use of magnetism the following gadgets: telephone earpiece, loud speakers, microphones, magnetic compass, generation of electricity, fridge doors, etc.

     

    Explanation of magnetic field.

    Demonstration of magnetic fields around a bar magnet using compressor or iron fillings.

     

     

    Processes of magnetization and demagnetization. The production and use of electromagnets. Complete demagnetization of permanent magnet.

     

     

     

    Explanation of the various types of forces: frictional, viscous, gravitational, weight,

     

     

     

     

    5.2 Archimedes

    Principle and law of flotation

     

     

    5.3 Distance, displacement,

    speed, velocity, momentum, acceleration

     

    5.5 Stability of objects

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    5.6 Pressure

     

     

     

    6.    Safety in the community

    6.1    Safe use of appliances in

    the home

     

     

     

     

     

    6.2    First aid methods

     

     

     

    6.3    Hazardous substances

    		 electrostatic, magnetic, upthrust, tension and push / pull.

     

     

    Explanation of the Archimedes Principle and law of flotation. Explanation of the following phenomena: the flight of birds and flotation of boats.

     

    Definition of the terms: distance,

    displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and momentum. Simple calculations required

     

     

     

    Explanation of centre of gravity. Determination of centre of gravity of rectangular, triangular, and irregular shaped cardboards using the knife edge. Types of equilibrium: stable, unstable, neutral equilibrium. Stability based on the following activities: Demonstration of the three types of stability using a cone on a flat surface. Effect of loading a vehicle on the top carrier or on the base carrier on the stability of the vehicle.

     

    Definition of pressure. Effects of pressure in solids, in liquids and in gases (use of bicycle pump, hydraulics, siphons and water pumps).

     

     

     

    Proper use and handling of household appliances to prevent accidents at home: avoidance of overloading of electric sockets, extreme care in using the heating coil in metal/ plastic containers,

    use of gloves. Precautionary measures in preventing accidents in the home.

     

     

    Demonstration of the following using models: mouth-to-mouth resuscitation method, methods of extinguishing different fires, treatment of burns, cuts and electric shocks.

     

    Possible hazards that can occur in working environment e.g. dust, fumes, toxic substance, corrosive substances, fire, food contamination, harmful radiation (X-rays), poisonous substances from heated or frozen plastics. Effects of hazardous substances on human body, e.g. blindness, burns, nausea, vomiting, and allergies.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    6.4Common

    hazards in the

    community

     

     

    6.5 Roles of health service

    Organizations

    (WHO, FAO, UNICEF,

    Foods and

    Drugs Board,

    Ghana Health

    Service, Red

    Cross, Red

    Crescent,

    EPA, Ghana Standards

    Board,UNPFA.)

    Blue Cross

     

    7.    Variation and inheritance

    7.1    Chromosomes and genes

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    7.2    Variation

     

     

     

     

     

    7.3    Sex determination and sex-linked characters

    		  

    Appraisal of the adequacy of the various hazards, warning labels on containers and other places. Techniques involved in preventing fire due to electrical and chemical causes, and bush fires.

     

    Community hazards: diseases, pests and parasites outbreak, insanitary conditions, traffic problems in towns and cities, pollution problems and waste generation.

     

    Functions of health organizations such as public health and sanitation, public health education, proper siting of refuse dumps, provision of waste disposal facilities, and provision of public toilets. Factors that promote public health. Importance of proper sanitation in diseases control. Efficient town planning and village planning systems, places of garbage disposal, good clean roads and street connections.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Chromosomes as bearers of genes/ hereditary materials and recessive and dominant characters; genotype and phenotype. Inheritance of a single pair of contrasting characters e.g height (tallness and shortness) to second filial generation. Simple treatment of Mendel‟s first law of inheritance. Application of the sequence of Inheritance with respect to cloning of stem cells. DNA Test. Heritable and non-heritable characteristics in human.

     

    Explanation of variation. Causes and consequences of variation: Mutation should be mentioned as one of the causes of variation e.g. resistance of some organisms  to  drugs  or  chemicals, albinism in humans.

     

    Explanation of sex determination at fertilization. Effects of sex preference on family relationship. Sex- linked characters.

     

     

    7.4 Blood groups and Rhesus

    factor

     

     

     

     

    7.5 Sickle cell gene and Sickle cell anaemia

     

    8.      Work and machines

    8.1        Work, energy and power

     

    8.2        Simple

    machines

     

     

     

     

     

    8.3        Friction

     

     

     

    9.      Endogenous technology

     

     

     

     

     

     

    9.1        Small scale industries

     

     

     

     

     

     

    10.  Biotechnology

     

     

    10.1    Genetic engineering

     

     

    10.2    Tissue

    		  

     

    Types of blood groups and Rhesus factor and their importance for marriage, blood transfusion and paternity test. Inheritance of blood groups and Rhesus factor. Problems in marriage due to incompatibility Rh-factor and how to avoid these problems.

     

    Inheritance of sickle cell gene. Acquisition of sickle cell anaemia. Management of sickle cell anaemia.

     

    Definition of work, energy and power. Simple calculations required.

     

     

    Identification of simple machines such as levers, pulleys, wheels, and axle and inclined planes. Classes of levers should be mentioned. Explanation of mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of machines. Simple calculations required.

     

    Definition of friction, effects of friction and methods of reducing friction.

    Advantages and disadvantages of friction.

     

    Explanation of endogenous technology. Effects of modern technology on the development of endogenous technolog.

    Inter-dependence of science and technology.

    Distinction between science and technology. Significance of science and technology to the development of society.

     

    Small scale industries: raw materials and equipment. Scientific principles underlying the following small scale industries: soap production, salt making, palm oil production, bread making, and yogurt production.

     

     

    Explanation of biotechnology. Examples of industries based on biotechnology.

     

    Explanation of genetic engineering. Application in medicine, agriculture, food processing.
    culture Explanation of tissue culture. Importance of tissue culture in agriculture.

     

    Students session

    Integrated Science Lessons SHS

    Credit larnedu.com

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    Skeletal System Objective Questions and Answers WASSCE 2023 Predictions

    seekersnewsgh By Esther Yeboah

    1. The fluid which prevents friction at moveable joints is the
    A.lymph. B.plasma. C. synovial fluid
    D. amnoitic fluid
    Ans: synovial fluid

    2. A ball-and-socket joint in the human body allows for
    A. up and down movement
    B. gliding movement
    C. side by side movement
    D. circular movement
    Ans: circular movement

    3. The head of the humerus is connected to the scepula by a
    A. gliding joint
    B. pivot joint
    C. hinge joint
    D. ball and socket joint
    Ans: ball and socket joint

    4. Which of the movements occur when the arm of a human is bent?
    A. Both biceps and triceps relax
    B. Biceps relaxes and triceps contracts
    C. Both biceps and triceps contracts
    D. Biceps contracts and triceps relax
    Ans: biceps contracts and triceps relax

    5. The atlas constitutes part of the
    A. lumbar vertebrae
    B. caudal vertebrae
    C. cervical vertebrae
    D. thoracic vertebrae
    Ans: cervical vertebrae

    6. One characteristic feature of mammals is the possession of
    A. hollow bones
    B. nictitating membrane
    C. diaphragm
    D. homodont dentition
    Ans: diaphragm

    7. Which of the following vertebrae supports the head?
    A. Axis. B. Thoracic
    C. Atlas. D. Lumbar
    Ans: atlas

    8. Which of the following vertebrae has the odontoid process?
    A. Thoracic. B. Atlas
    C. Axis. D. Lumbar
    Ans: axis

    9. The vertebrae column in humans
    A. Aids in breathing
    B. encloses and protects the brain
    C. Encloses the spinal cord
    D. Bridges the gap between fore and hind limbs
    Ans: encloses the spinal cord

    10. A ball and socket joint in the human body does not allow
    A. Up and down movement
    B. gliding movement
    C. Side to side movement
    D. Circular movement
    Ans: gliding movement

    11. The contraction of the biceps muscle in humans is likely to result in
    A. bending of the forearm
    B. straightening of the forearm
    C. movement of the scapula towards the sternum
    D. contraction of the triceps
    Ans: bending of the forearm

    12. One of the functions of the human vertebrae column is to
    A. hold the lungs in position
    B. enclose and protect the brain
    C. support the head
    D. form a hollow to accommodate the heart
    Ans: support the head

    13. Which of the following functions are associated with mammalian skeleton? It
    I. stores calcium and phosphates
    II. protects vital internal organs
    III. produces red blood cells
    IV. stores proteins
    A. III and IV only
    B. I and II only
    C. II, III and IV only
    D. I, II and III only
    Ans: I, II and III only

    14. Antagonistic muscles are known to
    A. alternately contract and relax
    B. react fast to stimuli
    C. avoid resistance to stimuli
    D. relax at the same time
    Ans: alternately contract and relax

    15. A function of the cervical vertebrae is to
    A. provide support for the skull
    B. allow the sliding movement
    C. provide surfaces for attachment of the thoracic muscles
    D. protect the heart and lungs.
    Ans: provide support for the skull

    16. Which of the following is not a vertebrae?
    A. Scapula. B. Coccyx
    C. Atlas. D. Axis
    Ans: scapula

    17. Muscles are attached to bones by
    A. Cartilage
    B. Ligaments
    C. Tissue
    D. Tendons
    Ans: tendons

    18. Which of the following statements about the antagonistic muscles is correct? They
    A. relax fast to stimuli
    B. contract and relax alternatively.
    C. react fast to stimuli
    D. relax at the same time
    Ans: contract and relax alternatively

    19. A joint which allows movement in all directions is found at the
    A. Wrist. B. Elbow
    C. Knee. D. Hip
    Ans: hip

    20. The contraction of the biceps
    A. rotates the arm
    B. straightens the arm
    C. raises the arm
    D. bends the arm
    Ans: bends the arm

    21. Which of the following parts of the mammalian skeleton constitute the axial skeleton?
    I. Skull
    II. Vertebral column
    III. Pelvic girdle
    IV. Pectoral girdle
    A. III and IV only
    B. I and II only
    C. I, II III and IV
    D. I, II and III only
    Ans: I and II only

    22. The correct sequential arrangements of the vertebrae along the vertebral column of a
    mammal is
    A. cervical, thoracic ,lumbar, sacral and caudal.
    B. thoracic, lumbar , caudal , cervical and the sacral.
    C. sacral, cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal.
    D. cervical, lumbar, thoracic sacral and caudal.
    Ans: cervical, thoracic, lumbar ,sacral and caudal

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    Heat Energy WASSCE Objective Questions and Answers WASSCE 2023 Predictions

    Seekersnewsgh by Esther Yeboah

    1. Which of the following is used to measure a temperature of -100°C ?
    A. Pyrometer
    B. Alcohol thermometer
    C. Thermosistor
    D. Mercury thermometer
    Ans: alcohol thermometer

    2. An alcohol thermometer is unsuitable for the determination of the boiling point of water
    because alcohol
    A. Has high specific heat capacity
    B. is a transparent liquid
    C. diatils into the tube.
    D. molecules have high cohesive forces

    Ans: distils into the tube

    3. The silvered surfaces of the vessel in a thermos flask mostly reduce heat lost through
    A. Conduction
    B. Convection
    C. Absorption
    D. Radiation

    Ans: radiation

    4. A property of a material that makes it a good conductor of heat is it’s
    A. Length.
    B. Volume
    C. Colour
    D. Nature

    Ans: Nature

    5. It is advisable to place windows of a room opposite each other in order to
    A. Create a humid condition in the room
    B. Have a wider field of view.
    C. Allow fresh air to move through the room
    D. Allow enough sunshine into the room

    Ans: C. allow fresh air to move through the room

    6. Ventilation is essential in the construction of houses because it
    A. Allows cool air to circulate in the room
    B. Creates conditions that favour the growth of fungi
    C. Replaces humid stagnant air with dry air
    D. Allows bad odour in the room to escape

    Ans: A. allows cool air to circulate in the room

    7. The empty bottle fitted tightly with cork and left in the sun for some time had the cork pop out
    because the heat from the sun
    A. made the cork expand
    B. increased the pressure of air inside the bottle
    C. made the cork contract
    D. decreased the pressure of the air inside the bottle

    Ans: B increased the pressure of air inside the bottle.

    8. The rate of evaporation of a liquid could be increased by
    A. removing the vapour as it forms
    B. decreasing the surface area
    C. maintaining the temperature
    D. reducing the temperature
    Ans: E. removing the vapour as it forms

    9. Sterilization of a clinical thermometer in boiling water will
    A. spill the liquid
    B. contaminate the liquid
    C. break the bulb
    D. increase the boiling point

    Ans: C. break the bulb

    10. When a thin bar is heated evenly along it’s length it becomes
    A. lighter
    B. heavier
    C. shorter
    D. longer

    Ans: D longer

    11. When a drop of perfume is put in the palm it changes into gas because it
    A. is viscous
    B. is volatile
    C. is fluid
    D. sublimes

    Ans: is volatile

    12. The constriction in a clinical thermometer
    A. prevents the mercury from flowing back into the bulb
    B. enables the mercury to expand uniformly
    C. prevents the mercury from over- expanding
    D. enables the mercury to remain in the bulb at very high temperature

    Ans: prevents the mercury from flowing back into the bulb

    13. What is the equivalence of 37°C on the Kelvin scale?
    A. 137K B.37K
    C. 310K. D. 236K

    Ans: 310 K

    14. The main reason for providing vents, high in the walls of buildings, is to allow
    A. fresh cool air to flow into the rooms
    B. warm humid air in the room to escape
    C. bad odour in the room to escape.
    D. more light to enter the room

    Ans: warm humid air in the room to escape.

    15. Which of the following statements about the components of the thermos flask is true?
    A. The glass material reduces heat loss by radiation
    B. The vacuum reduces heat loss by radiation.
    C. The silvery surface if the glass reduces heat loss by radiation
    D. The stopper reduces heat loss by radiation

    Ans: The silvery surface if the glass reduces heat loss by radiation

    16. A thermometer is used to measure
    A. temperature
    B. heat energy of a body
    C. latent heat capacity
    D. specific heat capacity

    Ans: temperature

    17. The equivalent of 60°C on the Kelvin scale is
    A. 303K. B.213K
    C. 333K. D. 160K

    Ans: 333K

    18. Which of the following statements about alcohol as a thermometer liquid is true?
    A. It has a high density.
    B. It has a high expansitivity
    C. It does not wet glass
    D. It has a high boiling point.

    Ans: It has high expansitivity

    19. If the normal human body temperature is 36°C , what is it’s equivalent value on the Kelvin
    scale?
    A. 236.4 K. B. 173.0 K
    C. 309.0 K. D. 312.0 K

    Ans: 309.0 K

    20. Land breeze is s result of
    A. Evaporation
    B. Conduction
    C. Radiant
    D. Convection

    Ans: convection

    21. How much energy is required to change 100kg of water at 100°C to steam?
    [Specific latent heat if vaporization of water is 2,260,000 Jkg^-1] A. 226,000kJ
    B. 2,260,000kJ
    C. 22,600,000kJ
    D. 22,600kJ

    Ans: 226,000kJ

    22. Which of the following statements about a bucket of water and a cup of water both at 100°C
    is true?
    A. Both of them have the same amount of heat energy
    B. The cup of water contains more heat energy than the bucket of water.
    C. The bucket of water contains more heat energy than the cup of water
    D. The cup of water contains more heat energy than the bucket of water

    Ans: the bucket of water contains more heat energy than the cup of water

    23. A precaution that has to be taken when using a liquid -in- glass thermometer is
    A. ensuring that the bulb touches the vessel containing the substance
    B. holding the bulb in hand when in use
    C. ensuring that the bulb is fully immersed in the substance.
    D. taking the reading quickly before thermal equilibrium is attained.

    Ans: ensuring that the bulb is fully immersed in the substance.

    24. The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a mass of a substance by 1 K is
    known as the
    A. specific heat of vaporization
    B. heat capacity
    C. latent heat of fusion
    D. specific heat capacity

    Ans: specific heat capacity

    25. During very hot weather, it is not advisable to weak dark coloured garments because they
    A. convert the heat absorbed into other forms of energy
    B. absorb the sun’s radiation making the inside hot
    C. reflect the sun’s radiation making the inside cold
    D. maintain the temperature inside the garment .

    Ans: absorb the sun’s radiation making the inside hot

    26. Which of the following observations is a direct consequences of thermal expansion?
    I. Cracks in concrete slabs
    II. Sagging of electric cables
    III. Buckling in railway lines
    IV. Cracking noise from roofing sheets
    A. I,II ,III and IV
    B. I, II and IV only
    C. II, III and IV only
    D. I, III and IV only

    Ans: D. I, II, III and IV

    27. The mode of heat transfer in which the particle carrying the heat move  from the hot region to the cold region is known as
    A. Convection
    B. Conduction
    C. Radiation
    D. Conversion

    Ans: conduction

    28. Which of the following processes increases on a hot day?
    A. Egestion
    B. Digestion
    C. Respiration
    D. Sweating

    Ans: Sweating

    29. Ethanol is preferred to mercury as thermometric liquid because
    A. Ethanol has a far lower freezing point
    B. Mercury has a higher specific heat capacity
    C. Ethanol is colourless
    D. Mercury wets glass

    Ans: ethanol has a far lower freezing point

    30. One characteristics of a good thermometric liquid is that it should
    A. Wet glass
    B. expand evenly and regularly
    C. Have a high density
    D. Has a poor conductor heat

    Ans: expand evenly and regularly.

    31. Which of the following statements about the absolute scale is correct? The
    A. temperature at which ice melts is -273°C
    B. absolute zero point is equivalent to -273°C
    C. temperature at which water boils is 100K
    D. temperature scale starts at 273K

    Ans: absolute zero point is equivalent to -273°C

    32. The presence of impurities in substance results in
    A. Lowering both melting and boiling points
    B. Raising both melting and boiling points
    C. Raising the melting point and lowering the boiling point
    D. Lowering the melting point and raising the boiling point.

    Ans: raising both melting and boiling points

    33. Water of mass 0.2kg was heater until itsbfinal temperature reached 80°C . If the total heat
    absorbed was 25,200 J , calculate the initial temperature of the water
    [ Specific heat capacity of water is 4,200 Jkg^-1K^-1] A. 50.0°C
    B. 11.0°C
    C. 30.0°C
    D. 13.0°C

    Ans: 50.0°C

    34. Which of the following is not true about boiling and evaporation?
    A. Both boiling and evaporation take place at specific temperatures
    B. Boiling takes place throughout the liquid
    C. Evaporation results in cooling
    D. Evaporation takes place at the surface of the liquid.

    Ans: both boiling and evaporation take place at the specific time

    35. A solid of mass 300g increase in temperature by 15°C . Calculate the amount of heat
    absorbed.
    [ Specific heat capacity of the solid is 2100Jkg^-1K^-1] A. 94,500 J
    B. 9,450 J
    C. 9,450,000 J
    D. 945,000 J

    Ans: 9,450 J

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    Social Studies objectives Questions and Answers WASSCE Standard Part 0018

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    Soil Conservation Objectives Integrated Science WASSCE Standard 2023 Predictions

    Soil Conservation Objectives Integrated Science WASSCE Standard 2023 Predictions

    seekersnewsgh.com By Esther Yeboah

    SOIL CONSERVATION.

    1.Acidity of soils may be reduced by
    A. adding manure
    B. applying N.P.K
    C. growing legumes on the soil
    D. liming the soil
    Ans: liming the soil

    2. Which of the following factors influences the availability of some nutrient in the soil?
    A. Soil pH
    B. Soil depth
    C. Soil consistency
    D. Soil color
    Ans: soil pH

    3. Clayey soil is not suitable for the production of most crops because it
    A. has good aeration
    B. has low cation exchange rate
    C. is poorly drained
    D. has high capillarity
    Ans: is poorly drained

    4. The easiest method of applying fertilizer is the
    A. ring method
    B. band placement
    C. foliar application
    D. broadcasting method
    Ans:D broadcasting method

    5. Which of the following practices promote soil erosion?
    A. Contour ploughing
    B. Terracing
    C. Bush burning
    D. Strip cropping
    Ans: bush burning

    6. The following are associated with mulching except that it
    A. enables dissolved nutrients to be washed away.
    B. keeps the soil cool
    C. prevents the surface of the soil from caking
    D. conserves moisture
    Ans: enables dissolved nutrients to be washed away.

    7. Loam is considered the best type of soil for farming because
    A. it is well aerated and can retain some water
    B. it has few air spaces which prevent the accumulation of toxic gasses
    C. it retains water leading to waterlogging for use during dry seasons.
    D. it’s practices are easy to till with least effort
    Ans: it is well aerated and can retain some water

    8. All the following are activities of soil conservation except
    A. over- cropping
    B. erection of the wind breaks
    C. growing of cover crops
    D. practicing land rotation
    Ans: over-cropping

    9. The vertical section through the soil showing distinct soil layers is known as soil
    A. profile
    B. erosion
    C. structure
    D. fertility
    Ans: profile

    10. A farming method that is regarded as environmentally friendly as
    A. Shifting cultivation
    B. Land rotation
    C. Bush burning
    D. Organic farming
    Ans: organic farming

    11. Which of the following layers of the soil contains the largest population of living organisms?
    A. Bedrock
    B. Parent rock
    C. Top soil
    D. Subsoil
    Ans: topsoil

    12. The major difference between a clayey soil and a sandy soil is in their
    A. Colour
    B. Texture
    C. Mineral content
    D. Humus content
    Ans: texture

    13. Green manual becomes beneficial to the soil when
    A. It was ploughed into moist soil just before flowering
    B. The soil is free from pests
    C. It is ploughed into moist soil after harvesting
    D. It is grown with fertilizer
    Ans: it is ploughed into moist soil just before flowering

    14. Soil conservation can be achieved through
    A. Agroforestry
    B. Introduction to green manure
    C. Mixed cropping
    D. Intercropping
    Ans: introduction to green manure

    15. A soil may lose its fertility through
    A. Overcooling
    B. Shifting cultivation
    C. Ridging
    D. Leaching
    Ans: leaching

    16. Organic matter is added to the soil to
    A. reduce the percolation rate
    B. Prevent the evaporation of water
    C. Facilities the eluviation of nutrients
    D. encourage aggregations of soil particles.
    Ans: encourage aggregations of soil

    17. Drainage in a clay soil can be improved by
    A. Addition of chemical fertilizers
    B. Addition of organic manure
    C. Application of wood ash
    D. Application of mulching material
    Ans: addition of organic manure

    18. Leguminous plants are able to improve upon the nitrogen content of the soil because
    A. Their leaves contain high proportion of nitrogen
    B. They do not utilize nitrogen
    C. They absorb nitrogen during rainfall
    D. Microorganisms living in their roots fix nitrogen
    Ans: microorganisms living in their roots fix nitrogen.

    19. Which of the following methods could be used to control water logging in soils?
    A. Irrigation
    B. Drainage
    C. Mulching
    D. Leaching
    Ans: drainage

    20. The relative proportion of various particle sizes in a given soil sample is called
    A. Texture
    B. Coarseness
    C. Profile
    D. Structure
    Ans: texture

    21. Example of a compound fertilizer is
    A. N.P.K. 10-10-10
    B. triple superphosphate
    C. ammonium sulphate
    D. nitrate of potash
    Ans: N.P.K.10-10-10

    22. Loam is said to be the best type of soil for farming because
    A. It is well aerated and can retain some water
    B. It retains water by leading to water logging
    C. It has fewer spaces
    D. Its particles are easy to till with least effort

    Ans: it is well aerated and can retain some water
    23. The most effective method of reducing erosion on hilly lands is by
    A. Terracing
    B. Introduction to green legumes
    C. Intercropping
    D. Mixed cropping
    Ans: terracing

    24. An example of trace element in plant nutrients is
    A. Phosphorus
    B. Nitrogen
    C. Zinc
    D. Potassium
    Ans: zinc

    25. Liming the soil improves its fertility by
    A. Improving soil structure
    B. Reducing soil structure
    C. Neutralizing soil acidity
    D. Decreasing the activity of soil micro-organisms
    Ans: neutralizing soil acidity

    26. A 50g sample of garden soil weighs 45g after drying in an oven. Determine the percentage
    moisture content of the sample.
    A. 11%. B.95%
    C. 10%. D. 20%
    Ans: 10%

    27. Which of the following elements is a macro plant nutrient?
    A. Phosphorus.

    B.Boron
    C. Copper.

    D. Manganese
    Ans: Phosphorus

    28. Boron is required in minute quantities by plants because
    A. It can be re-used several times
    B. It does not play a major role in the plant
    C. Large quantities are harmful to plants
    D. Plants can synthesize the element
    Ans: large quantities are harmful to plants

    29. Which of the following is a micro-element
    A. Nitrogen
    B. Calcium
    C. Phosphorus
    D. Manganese
    Ans: Manganese

    30. The correct order of increasing severity of soil erosion is
    A. gully erosion, rill erosion and sheet erosion.
    B. rill erosion, sheet erosion and gully erosion
    C. sheet erosion, rill erosion and gully erosion
    D. rill erosion, gully erosion and sheet erosion
    Ans:sheet erosion, rill erosion and gully erosion.

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    SHS (WAEC) INTEGRATED SCIENCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS DENTITION, DIGESTION OBJECTIVE EXAMINATION

    Integrated Science : Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Practical Lesson SHS

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    BECE INTEGRATED SCIENCE 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS B (Pasco)

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    WASSCE Questions on Electrical Energy Integrated Science 2023 likely

    Here are some questions on Electrical Energy, The answers are provided as well, take your time and read through.

    Selective questions for 2023 WASSCE

    JOIN SHS LEARNERS  CLICK HERE

    Reading at least three times will make you remember more than half of these questions and the answers.

    1. Which of the following statements about an electric circuit in parallel is or are correct?

    I. Current in the parallel wires are the same.
    II. Voltage across the parallel wires is the same.
    III. Current in the parallel wires are different.

    A. II only
    B. I and III only
    C. I only
    D. II and III only
    *Answer: D. II and III only*

    2. In a simple electric circuit, the device that relates the current flow is the…
    A. Resistor
    B. Rheostat
    C. Ammeter
    D. Amplifier
    *Answer: B. Rheostat*

    3. An air conditioner is rated 1000W, 240V. Determined the currents it draws when working.
    A. 2.04 A
    B. 8.34 A
    C. 0.24 A
    D. 4.17 A
    Answer: D. 4.17A
    Power (P) =1000W, Voltage (V) =240V
    P=IV
    I=P/V = 1000/240 = 4.17A

    4. Which of the following devices is used to measure an electric current?
    A. Spherometer
    B. Galvanometer
    C. Ammeter
    D. Voltmeter
    Answer: C. Ammeter

    5. Which of the following actions must be taken first when there is an electrical fault in a home?
    A. Switching off the electrical mains.
    B. Vacating the building.
    C. Calling the electrical engineer.
    D. Calling the fire service.
    *Answer: A. Switching off the electrical mains*.

    6. Which of the following is or are sources of electricity.
    I. Dynamo
    II. Solar panel
    III. Battery
    A. III only
    B. I only
    C. II only
    D. I, II, and III
    *Answer: D. I, II, and III*

    7. The S.I. unit of potential difference is….
    A. Ampere.
    B. Ohms.
    C. Watts.
    D. Volts.
    *Answer: D. Volts*

    8. Which of the following devices can be considered as safety devices in electrical appliances?
    I. Earth wires
    II. Fuses
    III. Switches
    IV. Insulators
    A. II and III only
    B. I, II and III only
    C. I and IV only
    D. I, II, III and IV

    *Answer: B. I, II and III only*

    9. Which of the following devices alters an alternating current.
    A. Rectifier
    B. Dynamo
    C. Transformer
    D. Diode

    *Answer: A. Rectifier*

    10. The *main* function of a thermostat in a refrigerator is to….
    A. Regulate the inner temperature of the refrigerator
    B. Cut off the fuse when excess current flows
    C. Cause the water to evaporate.
    D. Cool the inner parts of the refrigerator

    *Answer: A. Regulate the inner temperature of the refrigerator*

    11. Which of the following statements about an accumulator that is being charged is *true* ?

    A. The current passing through it is an alternating current.
    B. Its internal resistance increases.
    C. The amount of water in the accumulator increases.
    D. The density of electrolyte increases.
    *Answer* *D. The density of electrolyte increases*

    12. Which of the following measures are taken to conserve energy?
    I. Closing all windows and doors when using an air conditioner
    II. Switching off electrical appliances when not in use.
    III. Allowing hot food to cool before putting it in the refrigerator.
    IV. Ironing clothes in bulk.

    A. I and II only.
    B. II and IV only.
    C. IV and III only
    D. I, II, III and IV
    *Answer* *D. I, II, III and IV*

    13. A device consisting of a short metal with low melting point used to protect electrical appliances from being damaged why excess current is called a ……
    A. Switch
    B. Thermostat
    C. Fuse
    D. Resistor
    *Answer* *C. Fuse*

    14. A plastic comb passed through dry hair a number of times can pick up pieces of paper because……
    A. Atoms I transferred from the comp to the hair.
    B. Electrons are transferred from the comb to the hair.
    C. the call has been charged by induction.
    D. The nuclei of atoms of the comp have been made unstable.
    *Answer* *B. Electrons are transferred from the comb to the hair.*

    15. In the wiring of houses, appliances are connected in parallel to enable…..
    A. The power to be stepped up.
    B. Each appliance has the same voltage.
    C. Each appliance has the same current.
    D. Power to be saved.
    *Answer* *B. Each appliance has the same voltage.*

    16. The function of a fuse wire in an electrical circuit is to….
    A. Protect appliances.
    B. Decrease the current.
    C. Regulate the voltage.
    D. Stabilize the current.
    *Answer* *A. Protect appliances.*

    17. The need to provide fuse and earth wire when wiring houses is to……
    A. Control current in the wires.
    B. Allow current to flow in the wires.
    C protect ourselves and equipment.
    D. Enable electrical bulbs to light Brightly.
    *Answer* *C. Protect ourselves and equipment*

    18. The function of a step-down transformer is to….
    A. Change the a.c to d.c.
    B. Protects the power supply of an area.
    C. Reduced the voting age to the desired value.
    D. Decrease the resistance in the cables
    *Answer* *C. Reduce the voltage to the desired value*

    19. When a plastic comb is used to comb a dry hair and it is brought quickly near small pieces of paper,
    A. There is repulsion between the paper and the comb.
    B. There is attraction between the comb and the pieces of paper.
    C. The charges on the comb are neutralized.
    D. The papers get heated.
    *Answer. B. There is attraction between the comb and the pieces of paper.*

    20. In an electrical circuit, the function of the fuse is to……
    A. Protect the circuit against excess current.
    B. Regulate the voltage in the circuit.
    C. Prevent lightning from destroying the appliances.
    D. Regulates the flow of current in the circuit.
    *Answer. Protects the circuit against excess current.*

    21. A step-down transformer has
    A. Equal number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil.
    B. The number of primary coil reduced by half.
    C. A greater number of turns in the primary coil than the secondary coil.
    D. A greater number of turns in the secondary coil than the primary coil.
    *Answer. C. A greater number of turns in the primary coil than the secondary coil.*

    22. In a simple electrical circuit, the voltage supply is 3.0 V. If the total resistance in the circuit is 6
    ohms, calculate the current in the circuit.
    A. 12.0 A. B.2.0 A
    C. 0.5 A. D. 18.0 A
    Ans: 0.5 A

    23. When a plastic comb is used to comb a dry hair and it is brought quickly near small pieces of papers,
    A. the charges in the comb are neutralized
    B. the papers get heated
    C. the charges on the comb
    D. there he s attraction between the comb and the pieces of paper
    Ans: there is attraction between the comb and the pieces of paper

    24. Which of the following properties is not a feature of a secondary cell?
    A. It lasts longer than a primary cell
    B. It produces an alternating current
    C. It can be used for heavy-duty purposes
    D. It can recharged
    Ans: it or duces an alternating current

    25. An electric kettle is rated 2000 W , 240 V.
    Which of the following fuse ratings will you recommend for the kettle.
    A. 13.0 A. B.5.0 A
    C. 8.3 A. D. 15.0 A
    Ans: 8.3 A

    26. A simple electrical circuit has a voltage supply of 6.0 V . If the current flowing through the circuit is
    2.0 A, calculate the total resistance in the circuit.
    A. 3.0 A. B. 6.0 A
    C. 2.0 A. D. 8.0 A
    Ans: 3.0 A

    27. An electric bulb is rated 40.0 W. This implies that the bulb
    A. Can provide illumination, which is equivalent to 40.0 J
    B. Converts 40.0 J of electrical energy into heat and light energy per second
    C. Supplies light energy, which is capable of doing work of 40.0 J
    D. Cool nsume electrical energy of 40.0 J per hour
    Ans: converts 40.0 J of electrical energy into heat and light energy per second

    28. The function of a fuse wire in an electrical circuit is to
    A. Stablize the current
    B. Regulate the voltage
    C. protect appliances
    D. Decrease the current
    Ans: protect the appliances

    29. Which of the following statements is true about an accumulator being charged
    A. Its internal resistance increases
    B. The current passing through it is an alternating current
    C. The density of the electrolytes increases
    D. The amount of water in the accumulator increases.
    Ans: the density of the electrolytes increases

    30. An energy saving bulb is connected to a 240 V power source. If the current passing through the bulb
    is 0.075 A , determine the power rating of the bulb
    A. 320 W. B. 18 W
    C. 180 W. D. 32 W
    Ans: 18 W

    31. A cell of emf 12 V is connected in the series with a 5 ohms resistor. Determine the current in the
    circuit
    A. 60.00 A. B.2.40 A
    C. 0.42 A. D. 17.00 A
    Ans: 2.40 A

    32.The S.I unit of potential difference is.
    A. volts. B. ampere
    C. watts. D. ohms
    Ans: volts

    33. The following materials are conductors of electricity except
    A. Copper. B.water
    C. Blood. D. Mica
    Ans: mica

    34. Which of the following properties is not a feature of a secondary cell?
    A. It can be recharged.
    B. It produces an alternating current.
    C. It can be used for heavy-duty purposes.
    D. It lasts longer than a primary cell.
    Ans: It produces an alternating current.

    35. The purpose of earthling in an electric circuit is to
    A. stabilize the current.
    B. regulate the voltage.
    C. protect the human being.
    D. protect the appliances.
    Ans: protect the human being.

    36. Which of the following devices is used to measure an electric current?
    A. Spherometer B. Galvanometer
    C. Voltmeter. D. Ammeter
    Ans: Ammeter

    37. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk it becomes
    A. neutral. B. positively charged
    C. negatively charged. D. magnetic.
    Ans: positively charged.

    38. Which of the following instruments is used to measure e.m.f?
    A. Rheostat. B. Ammeter.
    C. Galvanometer. D. Voltmeter.
    Ans: Voltmeter.

    39. In house wiring, appliances are connected in parallel for each of them to get the same
    A. voltage. B. energy.
    C. power. D. current.
    Ans: voltage

    40. At times during the dry season, when a comb is pulled through the hair, it attracts the hair because the
    A. hair gains positively charges.
    B. comb becomes negatively charged.
    C. comb loses positively charges.
    D. hair is negatively charged.
    Ans: comb becomes negatively charged

    41. The main function of a thermostat in a refrigerator is to
    A. cause the evaporation of water.
    B. regulate the inner temperature of the refrigerator.
    C. cut off the fuse when excess current flows.
    D. cool the inner part of the refrigerator.
    Ans: regulate the inner temperature of the refrigerator.

    42. The power rating of an electric machine is 100 W. This machine
    A. uses electric energy of 100 J in 1 hour.
    B. can do 100 J of work in 1 minute.
    C. uses electric energy of 100 J in 1 second.
    D. can get heated after working for 100 seconds.
    Ans: uses electric energy of 100 J in 1 second.

    43. As the number of bulbs connected in series in an electric circuit increases, the
    I. resistance gets larger.
    II. current gets smaller.
    III. current remains the same.
    Which of the statements above is/are correct?
    A. I and II only. B. II and III only.
    C. II only. D. I only.
    Ans: I and II only

    44. An electrical bulb is rated 20W. This means that when it is in use, the
    A. energy required to light it during outages is 20 J.
    B. work done in a day is 20 J.
    C. amount of energy consumed every second is 20 J.
    D. amount of energy consumed every hour is 20 J.
    Ans: amount of energy consumed every second is 20 J.

    25. An electric fan is connected to a 200 V source and the current passing through the fan is 10 A. If the
    fan is used for 2 minutes, determine the amount of energy consumed.
    A. 2000 J. B. 4000 J
    C. 24000 J. D. 240000 J
    Ans: 240000 J

    46. Which of the following devices can be considered as safety devices in electrical appliances?
    I. Fuses. II. Earth wires
    III. Insulators. IV. Switches
    A. I, II, III and IV. B. II and III only
    C. I and IV only. D. I, II and III only

    Answer D. I, II and III only

    47. A voltage transformer in which the number of turns in the primary coil is greater than that of the
    secondary is known as a/an
    A. step-down transformer
    B. analogue transformer
    C. step-ups transformer
    D. distributing transformer.
    Ans: step-down transformer.

    48. Which of the following actions must be taken first when there is an electrical fault in a home?
    A. Vacating the building
    B. Calling the fire service
    C. Calling the electrical engineer
    D. Switching off the electrical mains.
    Ans: Switching off the electrical mains.

    49. Which of the following electrical appliances allows minimum use of energy?
    A. 2 kW refrigerator for 7 days
    B. 100 W pressing iron for 10 days
    C. 8 kW kettle for 3 days
    D. 750 W table lamp for 2 days
    Ans: 100 W pressing iron for 10 days.

    50. The importance of a fuse in an electric circuit is to
    A. control electrical leakage.
    B. protect the house from thunder and lightning.
    C. protect electrical appliances from being damaged.
    D. provide protection against electric shock.
    Ans: protect electrical appliances from being damaged.

    22. In the wiring of houses, appliances are connected in parallel to enable
    A . the power to be stepped up
    B. power to be saved
    C. each appliance to have the same current
    D. each appliance to have the same voltage.
    Ans: each appliance to have the same voltage

     

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    SHS LESSON ECOSYSTEM LESSON 1.0

    Physics 2022 marking Scheme Part 1

    Integrated Science : Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Practical Lesson SHS

    SHS (WAEC) INTEGRATED SCIENCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS DENTITION, DIGESTION OBJECTIVE EXAMINATION

    SCHEME OF EXAMINATION IN INTEGRATED SCIENCE

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    Organic and Inorganic Compounds SHS Int. Science lesson1 ; WASSCE Standard

    WASSCE STANDARD

    Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne and Aromatic hydrocarbon

    The lesson specifically follows the WASSCE syllabus, Don’t worry some few things might be missing but your science Teacher will fill the Gap in School. Use this as a Guide.

    Organic and inorganic compounds

    WASSCE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

    Hydrocarbons (first four members in each group),

    alkanols (methanol, ethanol, propanol),

    alkanoic acids (first two members),

    alkanoates (first two members), fats and oils.

    Functional groups, properties and uses of organic compounds.

    Classification of chemicals as organic and inorganic

    Differences between organic and inorganic compounds.

    Importance of organic chemistry in industrialization.

    Neutralization And Esterterification.

    Differences between neutralization and esterification.

    Equations representing neutralization and esterification reactions.

    Petrochemical

    Sources, application and effects of petrochemicals on the environment.

    The refinery of crude oil. Uses of petrochemical such as plastics, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

    Sample past questions

    LESSON ONE , TERMS

    Definition of keywords and all important Terms

    Hydrocarbon; is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only.

    Saturated hydrocarbons; Are organic compounds containing carbon – carbon single bonds only.

    Unsaturated Hydrocarbons; Are organic compounds which contain  carbon – carbon   double or triple bonds.

    Functional Group; is an atom or group of atoms or a bond in an organic compound that gives the molecule its characteristic chemical properties.

    Cracking;  is the breakdown of complex or large molecules of hydrocarbons by action of heat or a catalyst to produce small molecules.

    Polymerization;  is the combination of small organic molecules (monomers) to form large molecules (polymers)

    Saponification; is a reaction between fats or oil and hot concentrated alkali to form soap and glycerol.

    Ester ; an Ester is an organic compound produced by the reaction between an organic acid or alkanoic acid and an alcohol or alkanol.

    Isomerism; is the occurrence of compounds of the same molecular formular but different structural formular.

    Detergent; they are cleaning agents

    Or they are substances that have cleaning power and can remove dirt from objects or substances].

     

    Plastics; are polymers of hydrocarbons which can be molded into shapes.

    Fats ; are solid esters or lipids obtained from the reaction between glycerol and long chain fatty acids.

    Organic compounds ;Organic compounds can be defined as compounds which contain hydrocarbon.

    Sources of Organic compounds

    1. Petroleum (Crude Oil)

    2. Natural Gas

    3. Coal From plants and Animals

    Examples of natural organic compounds

    1. Carbohydrates

    2. Protein

    3. Vitamins

    4. Enzymes

    5. Hormones

    6. Herbs

    7. Fats and oils

    Examples of artificial organic compounds

    1. Plastic

    2. Insecticides

    3. Pesticides

    4. Soap

    5. Dyes

    6. Drugs etc.

    Types of organic compounds

    i. Hydrocarbons

    ii. Alkanol

    iii. Alkanoic acids

    iv. Alkanoates

    v. Fats and oils.

    Hydrocarbons (first four members in each group),

    Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are organic compounds, composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen.

    Alkanes – They have single Bonds

    Alkenes – they have double bond

    Alkynes They have triple Bonds

    Aromatic Hydrocarbons – Ring compounds

    More in lesson two. You teacher will explain more ……

    Inorganic compounds;

    Inorganic compounds are compounds which do not contain hydrocarbons.

    Examples of inorganic compounds

    1. Chalk 2. Salt 3. Washing soda 4. Carbon monoxide, CO 5. Carbon dioxide, CO2   6. Trioxocarbonate (IV), CO3 2-

     

    Differences between organic and inorganic compounds

    Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
    They mostly have covalent Bonds They mostly have ionic Bonds
    Their reactions are very slow Their reactions are very fast
    They have low melting points They have high melting points
    They have low boiling points They have high boiling points
    They are volatile They are less volatile
    They are insoluble in water/ soluble in organic solvent They are soluble in organic solvent/ water

     

    Your teacher will explain into details during face-to-face lessons

    Also wait for Lesson two.

    WASSCE  Sample Questions Theory

    Define Each of the following terms

    1. Polymerization
    2. Saponification
    3. Cracking
    4. Esterification
    5. Detergent
    6. Hydrocarbon
    7. Fats
    8. Functional Group
    9. Plastic

    Objective questions  will be in the Next lesson

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    WASSCE 2023 Predictions; Integrated Science : Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Practical

    WASSCE 2023 Predictions; Integrated Science: Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Practical

    TRANSPORT SYSTEM PRACTICAL SESSION

    1. The diagram below illustrates the set-up at the beginning and at the end of an experiment carried out by a science teacher to demonstrate a biological phenomenon to a class.

    Previous Lessons 

    Study the diagrams carefully and answer the questions that follows.

    a)        i)   State the major difference between the set-ups at the beginning and at the end of the experiment.

    ii) Explain what accounts for the difference you have stated in (i)

    b)        i) What biological phenomenon was being demonstrated?

    ii) Give one example of the phenomenon being demonstrated which occurs in

    a)  Flowering plants

                       b)    Amoeba

    c)             i) state the role which the yam cup plays

    ii)     Explain what would be observed if a plastic cup is used in place of the yam cup.

    Answers

     i) Difference between the set-up

    The water level is higher than the level of the sugar solution at the beginning of the experiment while at the end of the experiment the water level is lower than the level of the sugar solution.

        ii) explanation

    Water moved from the beaker into the solution in the yam cup. This caused the level of the solution in the yam cup to rise.

    b. i)  The process of Osmosis

    ii)   Examples of osmosis in flowering plants

    • Movement of water from the root hairs into the cortex.
    • Absorption of water from the soil by root hairs or through root hairs.

    Example of osmosis in amoeba

    Movement of (fresh) fresh water into the body of the amoeba.

    Role of the yam

    c) i. The yam cup served as a semi-permeable membrane.

    If a plastic cup is used the levels of the water and sugar solution will remain the same. Plastic is impermeable to water.

    2. The Diagram below illustrates a transverse section of part of a herbaceous plant. Study the figure carefully and answer the questions that follows.

    i) Identify the part of the plant illustrated.

    ii) Name the parts labelled I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII

    iii) State one function of the parts labelled I, III, IV

    iv) Describe an experiment to show the function of the part labelled III

    Answers

    i) Transverse section of dicotyledonous stem

    b.  i)             parts

    I  – Epidermis

    II – Cortex

    III – Phloem

    IV – Endodermis

    V – Cambium

    VI – Medullary rays

    VII     – Xylem

    VIII – Pith

     

    b)    ii) Functions of parts

    I – Protects the inner tissues of the stem

    III – Transports or conducts manufactured food from the leaves to other parts of the plants.

    V – meristematic or divides to form Xylem and Phloem.

    c) experiment to show the function of part III

    A ring of bark and associated phloem is removed from a tree using a sharp knife or blade. The tree is left for about a week. A swelling is seen above the ring. Contents of the swelling are analysed to be mainly organic food (sugars). This shows that food  move through the Phloem.

    1. In an experiment to determine a physiological phenomenon, a student peeled off strips of the epidermis of the leaf of Rheo discolour. The Strips were then placed in three solutions of different concentrations for about 30 minutes after which the strips were removed and examined under a light microscope. A, B, and C of strips from the three solutions. Study the cells carefully.

     

    a) Name the parts labeled I, II, III and IV.

    b) What physiological phenomenon did the student demonstrate?

    c) Name Four materials the students needed for the demonstration.

    d) i) State the three types of solution required for the demonstration.

    ii) Match the different state of the cells A, B and C against the solutions you have stated.

    e) What do the arrows in B represent?

    f) Explain the results that would have been observed if red blood cells had been used for the experiment in place of the epidermal cells of Rheo Discolour

    Answers

    Parts

    I. Cell wall

    II. Cytoplasm

    III. Vacuole

    IV. Nucleus

    b)    The student demonstrated plasmolysis or Osmosis

    c) Materials needed: Petri dish, slide, cover slip, forceps or a pin, sugar or salt solution, distilled water.

    i)         Solution required: Hypotonic solution or distilled water or weaker solution.

    Isotonic solution or same concentration as cell sap.

    Hypertonic solution or solution stronger than cell sap.

    ii) Matching cells against solutions

    Cell A – Hypertonic solution

    Cell B – Hypotonic solution

    Cell C – isotonic Solution

    e) Arrows in B imply that the cell has become turgid or pressure is exerted on the cell wall or turgor pressure because water has entered the cell.

    f) For Red blood cell

    In hypertonic solution

    The cell will shrink or crenation will occur.

    In hypotonic solution

    The cell will burst or haemolyis occurs due to absence of a cell wall and will cause the solution to become red in colour.

    In isotonic solutions

    The cell will maintain its original size and shape or will give a similar result as obtained for the plant cell.

     

     

    Assignment

    The figure below represents the beginning of an experiment to demonstrate osmosis in a living osmosis in a living cell using yam tissue.

    a) Draw and label a diagram to illustrate what would be observed if the setup is allowed to stand for 24 hours.

    b) What does the yam cup represent?

    c) Explain the principle involved in the experiment

    d) How would you set- up a control of the experiment above?

    e) Give one example of the osmotic process in each of the following living things:

    i. Flowering Plant

    ii. Humans

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    WASSCE 2023 Predictions; Int. Science Transport: Diffusion & Osmosis questions and Answers

    WASSCE 2023 Predicted; Int. Science Transport: Diffusion & Osmosis questions and Answers

    Transport: Diffusion, osmosis and plasmolysis.

    WASSCE-WAEC OBJECTIVES

    • Explanation of diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis.
    • Simple experiments to demonstrate diffusion in air and in liquids;
    • osmosis in living tissue and in non-living tissue.
    • Examples of diffusion and osmosis in nature

     

    In humans there are two types of transport systems – the blood circulatory system (made up of the heart, blood vessels and blood.) and the lymphatic system (carries materials around the body).

    Plants also have their own transport system – xylem and phloem tissues

     

    The xylem tissue transports water and dissolved minerals.

    The phloem tissue transports food substances through the plant.

    Importance of Transport System

    1. It connects different parts of the body with one another.
    2. It transports food materials to all cells, tissues and organs.
    3. It distributes water to various parts of the body.
    4. It transports waste products from different parts of the body to the excretory organs.
    5. It transports raw materials such as oxygen to the cells, tissues and organs that need them

    Diffusion

    Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high molecular concentration to the region of low molecular concentration until the molecules are evenly distributed.

    Or

    Diffusion is the movement of particles or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

     

    Examples of diffusion in living organisms

    1. Diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood in the lung of mammals.
    2. Diffusion of hormones out of the endocrine glands.
    3. Absorption of end products of digestion, e.g. glucose, amino acids in the ileum (small intestines) of mammals.
    4. Diffusion of carbon dioxide into the blood and oxygen out of the blood in the tissue of vertebrates.
    5. Diffusion of oxygen into the cells and carbon dioxide out of the cells of unicellular organisms such as amoeba.
    6. Diffusion of carbon dioxide into the leaves and oxygen out of the leaf through the stomata.
    7.  Diffusion of mineral salt from the soil water into root hair cells. 8. Diffusion of oxygen into the leaves and carbon dioxide out of the leaves of plants at night

     

    Factors that Affect the rate of Diffusion

    1. The size/ surface Area of the diffusing particles
    2. Nature of the Diffusing particle
    3. Concentration gradient
    4. Temperature
    5. Nature of surface membrane
    6. Stirring

    Osmosis

    Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a semi[1]permeable membrane.

    Or

    Osmosis is the movement of water or solvent molecules from a solution of higher concentration of water (high water Potential) to a region of lower concentration of water through a semi-permeable membrane.

     

    A semi-permeable membrane is a membrane that allows certain substances to pass through and blocks the passage of some other substance depending on the nature and size of the substance.

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    Examples of Osmosis

    1. Absorption of water from the soil by roots of plant.
    2. Movement of water across the cell of plants.
    3. Movement of water from the root hair into the cortex.
    4. Absorption of water in the colon (large intestines) of mammals.
    5. Absorption of water in the nephron of the kidney of mammals.
    6. Entering of water into the cells of amoeba

    Factors affecting the rate of osmosis

    1. Concentration gradient
    2. Temperature
    3. Nature of the semipermeable membrane

     

    Some terminologies

    Hypertonic solution

    This is a solution which has higher concentration than the one it is being compared to.

    Hypotonic solution

    This is a solution which has lower concentration than the one it is being compared to.

    Isotonic solution

    This is a solution which has the same concentration as the one it is being compared to.

    Active transport

    Active transport is the movement of substances from a low concentration region to a high concentration region across a living cell membrane using energy from the cell.

    Examples of Active Transport

    1. Absorption of digested food into the blood in the intestines of mammals.
    2. Movement of glucose into the phloem tissues of plants.
    3. Absorption of mineral salt from the soil by plant roots
    4. Re-absorption of glucose, amino acids and ions in the kidney of mammals.

     

    Crenation

    Crenation: Is the process by which an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution loses water to the solution and shrinks or becomes wrinkled.

    Plasmolysis

    It is the shrinkage of the cytoplasm of a plant cell when placed in a hypertonic solution.

    OR

    Plasmolysis is a a process by which a plant or animal cell loses water by Osmosis as a result of the cell being placed in a solution more concentrated than the cell content.

    Turgidity

    Turgidity: is the process by which plants cell absorbs water so much that they become strong and rigid and gives mechanical support to the plant.

    Transpiration

    Transpiration: is the loss of water vapour or evaporation from the leaves or stems of plants or upper part of a plant or shoot.

     

    NB

    Detail Explanations will be given during face-to-face session with your facilitator.

     

     

    The practical lessons will be in our next lesson.

     

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    PREVIOUS LESSONS 

     

    Assignment 

    1.What do you understand by the following

    i. Diffusion

    ii. Osmosis

    iii. Plasmolysis

    2. State two

    i. differences between diffusion and Osmosis

    ii. similarities between diffusion and Osmosis

    3. i.  What is Transpiration?

    ii. State three reasons why transpiration is necessary in plants.

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    OBJECTIVES  WASSCE PAST QUESTIONS ONLY

    1. Salting of fish fish for preservation usess the principle of

    A. Diffusion

    B. Osmosis

    C. Plasmolysis

    D. Active transport

    Ans; A. Diffusion 

    2. Movement of water into plant cell causes the cell

    A. Become turgid

    B. Become Flaccid

    C. Burst its cell wall

    D. Become Plasmolyzed

    Ans: A. turgid

    3. Plasmolysis Demonstrates

    A. Turgidity in cells

    B. insufficient intake of water by a cell

    C. Absorption of salt solution by a cell

    D. Excessive loss of water from a cell

    Ans: D, Excessive loss of water from a cell 

    4. One major role of water in plants is that it

    A. Keeps the plants green

    B. allows evaporation to take place

    C. Prevents fungal attack

    D. Keeps the stem turgid

    Ans: D. Keeps the stem turgid

    6. The physical process which involves the free movement of material in a living cell is known as

    A. absorption

    B. Osmosis

    C. Diffusion

    D. Plasmolysis

    Ans:  C. Diffusion 

    7. When plant cell is placed in a concentrated solution, it will

    A. enlarge and becomes turgid

    B. expand and then shrink

    C. expand and burst

    D. decrease in size and becomes flaccid

    Ans: D. decrease in size and becomes flaccid

    8. Which of the following factors will not affect the rate of diffusion

    A. Temperature

    B pressure

    C. surface area to volume ratio

    D. Concentration gradient

    Ans; C. surface area to volume ratio 

    9. In flowering plants, mineral salts are transported through the

    A. cambium

    B. Ploem

    C. Stomata

    D. xylem

    Ans: D. xylem

    10. The tissue which is likely to sustain red when a herbaceous plant is placed in a red solution for about two hours is the

    A. cambium

    B Phloem

    C. parenchyma

    D. Xylem

    Ans: D. Xylem

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    SHS LESSON 2 ECOLOGY WITH WASSCE EXAM QUESTIONS

    Welcome to ecology lesson two. Here are the answers for lesson one, honestly mark yourself and do the necessary corrections.

    view previous lessons 

    1. Biotic factor is living organisms in an environment or the living components of a habitat/ environment and how ways they interact with each other.

    2. Examples of useful biotic factors
    i. Bacterial fixing nitrogen in the soil.
    ii. Birds acting as agents of pollination.
    iii.Fungi and bacteria decomposing organic matter.

    Population; refers to a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular habitat. E.g., a tree could house a population of birds.

    Community:
    It is a population of different species living in a particular habitat or interacting with each other.
    For example, the ocean could be a community for different species of fish, crabs, coral,

    Ecosphere;
    Is part of the earth or atmosphere that supports life.

    Answers to practical lessons

    a) A. Rain gauge

    B. Pooter

    C. Sweep net

    b)

    I. Measuring cylinder

    II. Funnel
    III. Flexible tube
    IV. Filter or Cloth
    V. Wooden Handle
    VI. Net

    Functions of A, B and C

     

    c) A. is use to measure amount of rainfall
    B. is use to collect small animals
    C. is use to trap some vertebrates either in water or on land.

    d) Functions of parts

    II. is used for collecting and measuring rain
    III. to suck small animals or insects.
    IV. For trapping some vertebrates either on land or in water eg frog, insects, fish

    e) How A is used to measure abiotic factors

    A metal cylinder is put in the ground in an open field for rain to fall into it directly.
    Rainfall is directed into the measuring cylinder by the help of the funnel
    Rain amount is measured within a specified interval and recorded
    A graph is plotted with the results to understand the dynamics or the rain fall pattern.

    LESSON TWO (2)

    Types of ecosystems and their components
    Food chain and food web

    Ecosystem can be classified into 2

    1. Natural ecosystem
    2. Artificial Ecosystem

    Natural Ecosystem includes

    Tropical rainforest, Tropical savannah, lakes, Marine, estuaries etc

    Artificial Ecosystem includes

    Farmlands, lakes, roads…

    There are Terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem as the main natural types of ecosystem

    Terrestrial ecosystem (land) can be divided into
    Tropical rainforest
    Tropical savannah
    Tropical desert
    Mangrove swamps

    Aquatic Ecosystem ( water )

    The water covers about 70% of the earth surface.
    There aquatic ecosystem has
    Fresh water ecosystem and Marine or salt water ecosystem

    What about estuaries?

    They are between fresh water and marine mainly classified as marine.
    It is just ecosystem where the seawater meets the fresh water.

    One feature of organisms within a given habitat is their inter-dependence in their feeding habit.

    Food chain:

    Components of ecosystem

    Producers

    These are the green plants that manufacture their own food through photosynthesis Examples are tomato, yam, maize, mango, etc.

    Consumers

    These are the animals that consumes, they are not able to make their own food. We have primary, secondary, and Tertiary consumers.

    Primary consumers These are organisms which feed on the producers. They are mostly herbivores. Examples include butterfly, grasshoppers, goat, deer etc.

    Secondary consumer: These organisms feed on and obtain energy from primary consumers.
    They are mostly carnivores. Examples include snake, cat, shrew, etc

    Tertiary consumers: These consumers feed on secondary consumers, and hence, obtain energy from them. They are either carnivores or omnivores. Examples include man, owl, lion, etc.

    Decomposers
    These are the organisms that act on dead plants and animal remains.

    The sun
    The ultimate source of energy.

    Trophic Levels

    This is the steps by step pathway along which energy is transferred.
    Producers These are organisms which produce their own food through photosynthesis. Only green plants do that.

    Food chain

    A food chain is a string of organisms within an ecosystem which are connected through their mode of feeding or a linear sequence of feeding where organisms feeding are also being fed on.
    Eg
    Grass – to – Grasshopper – to- toad – to – snake

    Food web.

    A food web is a number of food chains linked together.

    Further explanation and examples will be given during face to face lesson with your Teacher.

    WASSCE PAST OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS/ ANSWERS ON ECOSYSTEM

    1. The following are all abiotic factors except?
    A. Wind
    B. Light
    C. Bacteria
    D. Rainfall
    Answer: C. Bacteria

    2. All the following are are equipment for sampling organisms in terrestrial habitats except
    A. Wicker-work trap
    B. Sweep net
    C. Butterfly net
    D. Pooter
    Answer A. Wicker-work trap

    3. Which of the following is not associated with over crowding?
    A. Housing
    B. Employment
    C. Food
    D. labour
    Answer D. labour

    4. The mode of nutrition involving the use of dead organic matter is described as
    A. Saprophytic
    B. Symbiotic
    C. Parasitic
    D. Holophytic
    Answer A. Saprophytic

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    5. In ecological study, small animals like ants found on leaves and crevices can be collected by
    A. Sweep net
    B. Pooter
    C. Wicker-work trap
    D. Transect
    Answer D. transect

    6. Which of the apparatus is used to investigate a sample of various plant species growing in a field?
    Answer B. Quadrat
    7. Which of the following members in a food chain will receive the least energy?
    A. Grass
    B. Hawk
    C. Locust
    D. Lizard
    Answer: B. Hawk

    8. Which of the following habitat is aquatic?
    A. Farmland
    B. Park
    C. Pond
    D. Rain forest
    Answers C. Pond

    9. Four- fifth of the volume of air in an environment is water vapour at a certain temperature. Calculate he relative humidity of the air.
    A. 80%
    B. 70%
    C. 60%
    D. 50%
    Answer A. 70%

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    10. A food web is a
    A. Relationship between non-living components of the ecosystem
    B. Relationship between the living and non- living organisms in an ecosystem
    C. Complex feeding relationship between living organisms in ecosystem
    D. Relationship between the living organisms in an ecosystem
    Answer: C. Complex feeding relationship between living organisms in ecosystem

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    WASSCE QUESTIONS

    1. State four ecological factors that affects crop production
    2. Explain the term human population
    3. State three factors that affects the distribution of human population
    4. What is conservation of natural resources
    5. List three benefits of forest conservation.
    6. What is population density?
    7. State three effects of high population density on the environment.
    8. List three ways in which plants and animals are interdependent
    9. list three benefits of forest
    10. Draw a simple food web of an ecosystem.

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  • Peter
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    SHS LESSON ECOSYSTEM LESSON 1.0, Questions and Answers WASSCE Standard

    LESSON TARGET

    Ecosystem

    1.1 Basic ecological terms

    1.2 Types of ecosystem and their components

    Explanation of ecological terms:

    ecosystem, species, population, ecology, ecosphere and community.

    Natural ecosystem:
    fresh water, marine, estuarine, lake, rainforest, savanna and desert.

    Artificial ecosystem:
    farmland, man-made lake, roads.

    Components of ecosystem:

    Biotic/ living (plants and animals) and abiotic/ non-living(soil, air, and water).

    Effects of the components on each other.

    Ecological factors:
    biotic (predation and competition) and abiotic (climatic factors, salinity, altitude and slope of land)

    Appropriateness of instruments used to measure abiotic factors.

    LESSON

    Basic ecological terms

    Ecology:

    is the study of living things and their interrelationship with each other and their environment.

    Ecosystem;

    An ecosystem is made up of living and non-living organisms in a particular habitat and their interaction with the physical environment. The habitat could be a forest, coral reef, river etc

    Species;

    These are distinct kind of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring with one another but do not breed with other population.

    Population;

    refers to a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular habitat. E.g., a tree could house a population of birds.

    Community:

    It is a population of different species living in a particular habitat or interacting with each other.
    For example, the ocean could be a community for different species of fish, crabs, coral,

    Ecosphere;

    Is part of the earth or atmosphere that supports life.
    It can also be defined as the part of the universe habitable by living things.

    Ecosphere
    is interchangeable with biosphere. Biosphere can be divided into biomes.

    Biome

    A biome is a large natural terrestrial ecosystem which has a particular climate.
    The type of vegetation in a biome is largely determined by climatic factors particularly rainfall and temperature.

    Habitat

    This is the natural dwelling place of an organism.
    The main divisions of a habitat are;
    1. Aquatic habitat
    2. Terrestrial Habitat
    3. Arboreal Habitat.

    Aquatic Habitat

    This is water as the natural home of organisms
    Eg; Fresh water, streams, pond, ocean etc.

    Terrestrial Habitat

    This is land as the natural home of organisms.
    Eg Rainforest, deserts, bush etc.

     

    Aboreal Habitat

    This refers to a habitat in and on trees.

    Ecological Niche

    A niche is an area within an ecosystem in which a particular group of organisms live in. A niche could provide a habitat for organisms of the same or different species. For example, a pond can be a home for different species of fish.
    Although organisms may live in the same habitat, each has its own living space and source of food.

    Ecological Factors

    Ecological factors are those factors which affects an organism’s behaviour or development in an ecosystem.
    Ecological Factors are grouped into two

    1. Biotic Factors

    2. Abiotic Factors.

    Biotic factors

    are factors concern with the way living organisms interact with one another.
    Or biotic Factors are living organisms in a habitat or environment.

    Examples of biotic factors

    1. Predator: A carnivorous animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals in order to survive, or any other organism that behaves in a similar manner. This process is known as predation.
    2. Competition: When a shared resource is in short supply, organisms compete, and those that are more successful survive
    3. Symbiosis: A situation in which two organisms live with and are dependent on each other, to the advantage of both.
    4. Epiphytism: This occurs when epiphytes (plants that do not have roots in the soil) attach themselves to other plants for supports. Epiphytes do not take any food from their hosts, and do not harm them.

    Examples of useful biotic factors

    1. Bacterial fixing nitrogen in the soil.
    2. Birds acting as agents of pollination.
    3. Fungi and bacteria decomposing organic matter.
    4. Insects acting as agents of fruits and seeds dispersal.
    5. Macro-organisms aerating the soil.
    6. Trees providing shade or shelter to animals

    Harmful biotic factors

    1. Herbivores such as goats, sheep and cattle feeding on plants
    2. Carnivores (e.g. lions, tigers etc) feeding on other animals
    3. Parasites living on their hosts.

    Abiotic Factors

    These are non-living factors which affects living things in the environment.

    Examples of abiotic factors

    • Climate (rainfall, temperature, humidity, etc)
    • Salinity (measurement of the mass of dissolved solids present in a given amount of water)
    • Altitude (the height of something above sea level) slope of land etc.

     

    Abiotic factors and  Instruments use to measure them;

     

     

    Abiotic factor Instrument use to measure
    Temperature Thermometer
    Wind direction   Wind vane
    Wind speed Anemometer
    Atmospheric pressure Barometer
    Amount of rain fall Rain gauge
    Relative humidity Hydrometer
    Acidity or alkalinity of a substance pH indicator
    Light intensity on land Photometer

     

     

    Some ecological equipment

    Quadrat Determining the number of living organisms within a given area
    Butterfly net Collecting flying insects
    Pooter  or Aspirator Collecting or sampling small animals
    Sweep net Collecting insects and some land vertebrates

    CLICK FOR  PREVIOUS LESSONS 

    Instruments.

    Thermometer

    Cold warm thermometer. Temperature weather thermometers with celsius and fahrenheit scale. Thermostat meteorology vector isolated icon

    Sweep Net

    Pooter

     

    Rain Gauge

    Quadrat

    NB

    Further explanations will be given during face – to – Face lesson with your Facilitator.

    Assignment

    Search for the following instruments
    1. Light meter
    2. Pitfall trap
    3. Barometer
    4. Anemometer Sacchi disc

     

     

    Ex………….1

    1. What is biotic factor?
    2. Give two useful biotic factors in a forest habitat
    3. Explain the following ecological concepts
    i. Population
    ii. Community
    iii. Ecosphere

    3. Study the diagrams carefully and answer the questions that follow.

    a. Identify instruments A, B and C
    b. Name the parts labelled I, II, III, IV, V and VI
    c. State one use each of A, B and C
    d. Name one function each of the parts labelled
    i. II
    ii. III
    iii. VI
    e. Describe how A could be used for measuring an abiotic factor in a field trip.
    Check next lesson for corrections.

    Questions and Answers

    1. Which of the following is not a problem associated with over- crowding?
    A. Employment
    B. Food
    C. Labour
    D. Housing .
    Ans: Labour

    2. Which of the following habitats is aquatic?
    A. Rain forest
    B. Farmland
    C. Park
    D. Pond.
    Ans: pond

    3. The organism designed C is a
    A. Tertiary consumer
    B. Primary consumer
    C. Primary producer
    D. Secondary consumer
    Ans: secondary consumer

    4. Which of the following food chains is correct?
    A. Hawk > grass> grasshopper>frog
    B. Grass> frog> grasshopper > hawk
    C. Grasshopper> grass > frog > hawk
    D. Grass> grasshopper > frog> hawk
    Ans: Grass > grasshopper > frog > hawk .

    5. The organism which obtain the least energy is
    A. Grass. B. Earthworm
    C. Hawk. D. Frog
    Ans: hawk

    6. An example of an abiotic factor in an ecosystem is
    A. Predation. B. Grazing
    C. Shading. D. Altitude
    Ans: altitude

    7. Which of the following statements best describes a food web ? It is a
    A. Relationship between the living and non- living organisms in an ecosystem
    B. Relationship between the living organisms in an ecosystem
    C. Relationship between non-living components of an ecosystem
    D. Complex feeding relationship between living organisms in an ecosystem.
    Ans: complex feeding relationship between living organisms in an ecosystem.

    8. A feeding association in which one partner benefits while the other loses is known as
    A. Symbiosis
    B. Parasitism
    C. Mutualism
    D. Commensalism
    Ans: parasitism

    9. One of the advantages of ecological farming is that it helps to
    A. Promote the use of fertilizer
    B. Maintain environmental conditions
    C. Promote lumbering industries
    D. Mechanized farming activities
    Ans: maintain environmental conditions

    10. The essential elements to consider in town planning are
    I. provision of schools
    II. human waste disposal system
    III. water supply
    A. I and II only
    B. I and III only
    C. II and III only
    D. I ,II and III
    Ans: I , II and III.

    11. Coastal ecosystems where seawater and freshwater meet are known as
    A. Lagoons
    B. intertidal zones
    C. seashores
    D. estuaries
    Ans: estuaries

    12. The role played by auxins in the phototropism is to
    A. inhibit growth of cells on one side of the stem
    B. promote growth of all the cells of the stem
    C. inhibit growth of cells on all sides of the stem
    D. stimulate growth of cells on one side of the stem
    Ans: stimulate growth of cells on one side of the stem.

    13. Which of the following instruments is used to measure the humidity of the atmosphere
    A. Hygrometer
    B. Barometer
    C. Manometer
    D. Hydrometer
    Ans: hygrometer

    14. The following factors are associated with aquatic life except
    A. Sunlight penetration
    B. Temperature
    C. Wave action
    D. Humidity
    Ans: sunlight penetration

    15. An example of a harmful biotic factor is
    A. animals dispersing weeds and fruits
    B. predators feeding on prey
    C. insects pollinating flowers
    D. trees providing shades for animals.
    Ans: predators feeding in prey

    16. Rural- urban migration is said to hamper agricultural activities in farming areas because
    A. agricultural land is left to go waste .
    B. agricultural labour force reduces
    C. crops do not get enough nutrients.
    D. more agro- industries have to be established in the cities.
    Ans: agricultural labour force reduces.

    17. Which of these statements about abiotic factors is not correct?
    A. Light intensity affect green plants more than animals
    B. An increase in humidity decreases the rate of water loss through transpiration.
    C. Effective dispersal of some fruits and seeds are dependent on prevailing winds
    D. Air pressure and oxygen levels increase as altitude decreases
    Ans: effective dispersal of some fruits and seeds are dependent on prevailing winds.

    18. Formulating policies to help conserve natural resources ensures
    A. that the resources of the country are exported for foreign exchange
    B. that the resources are exploited so that every citizen can obtain a fair share of the national cake
    C. proper management of resources to sustain the present and future generations.
    D. that every citizen of the country helps to keep the environment clean.
    Ans: proper management of resources to sustain the present and future generations.

    19. Which of the following cultural practices conserves the forest?
    A. Shifting cultivation
    B. Cover – cropping
    C. Crop rotation
    D. Mechanized farming
    Ans: crop rotation.

    20. The concentration of industries Ina urban areas of a country may
    A. lead to high population growth in those areas
    B. distrub the ecosystem of the country
    C. affect the energy requirement of the country
    D. lead to decreased supply if goods and services.
    Ans: disturb the ecosystem of the country.

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    WASSCE 2023 Predictions; INTEGRATED SCIENCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS DENTITION, DIGESTION

    WASSCE 2023 Predictions; INTEGRATED SCIENCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS DENTITION, DIGESTION

    SEEKERS EXAMINATION UNIT

    DENTITION, FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN MAMMALS

    1. In humans, the incisors are used for

    A. Chewing food

    B. Cutting food

    C. Grinding food tearing food

    D. Tearing food

    Ans; B. Cutting food

    1. A person who needs glucose can take

    A. Ethanol

    B. Glycerol

    C. Starch

    D. Citric acid

    Ans: C. Starch

    1. Which of the following parts of the tooth may be damaged when hot or very cold food is put into the mouth?

    A. Pulp cavity

    B. Dentine

    C. Enamel

    D. Gum

    Ans; C. Enamel

    1. Gastric juice contains the enzyme known as

    A. Pepsin

    B. Lipase

    C. Ptyalin

    D. Erepsin

    Ans: A. Pepsin

    1. The type of teeth used for biting and cutting are the

    A. Canines

    B. Incisors

    C. Premolars

    D. Molars

    Ans: B. Incisors

    1. The main functions of the gizzard in a domestic fowl is to

    A. Store the feed

    B. Synthesize vitamin B

    C. Grind the feed

    D. Secrete digestive juices

    Ans: C. Grind the feed

    1. Which of the following diseases is associated with the human liver?

    A. Arteriosclerosis

    B. Bronchitis

    C. Cirrhosis

    D. Schistosomiasis

    Ans: Cirrhosis ( hardening of the liver)

    1. The true stomach of a sheep is the

    A. Abomasum

    B. Omasum

    C. Reticulum

    D. Rumen

    Ans: A. Abomasum

    1. The incisors are well developed in animals which feed mainly on

    A. Bones

    B. Fruits

    C. Grass

    D. Flesh

    Ans; D. Flesh

    1. Which of the following sugars is the smallest of starch?

    A. Glucose

    B. Lactose

    C. Maltose

    D. Sucrose

    Ans: A. Glucose

    1. The hardest part of the tooth is the

    A. Cement

    B. Dentine

    C. Enamel

    D. Pulp

    Ans: Enamel

    1. Which of the following type of teeth is used to capture and kill prey?

    A. Canine

    B. Premolar

    C. Molar

    D. Incisor

    Ans: Canine

    1. Damage to the liver in humans could be affect the digestion of

    A. Bread

    B. Fish

    C. Fatty meat

    D. Boiled yam

    Ans; C. fatty meat

    1. Which of the following type of teeth is specialized for cutting through lumps of food.

    A. Incisor

    B. Canine

    C. Premolar

    D. Molar

    Ans: A. Incisor

    1. Which of the following structures store bile?

    A. Liver

    B. Spleen

    C. Pancreas

    D. Gall bladder

    Ans;  D. Gall bladder

    1. The function of the villi of the small intestine is to

    A. Allow enzymes to act faster on food substance

    B. Allow easy passage of undigested food into the colon

    C. Facilitate the diffusion of lymph

    D. Provide a large surface area for absorption

    Ans; D. Provide a large surface area for absorption

    1. The digestion of cellulose in the rumen of sheep is carried out by

    A. Bacteria

    B. Carbohydrates

    C. Cellulose

    D. Protozoa

    Ans: A. Bacteria

    1. Fats and oils are emulsified in the small intestine by

    A. Bile

    B. Lipase

    C. Ptyalin

    D. Rennin

    Ans; A. Bile

    1. A fowl temporally stores food in its

    A. Oesophagus

    B. Gizzard

    C. Crop

    D. Proventriculus

    Ans: C. Crop

    1. One of the reasons of brushing the teeth regularly is to

    A. Reduce amount of saliva in the mouth

    B. Remove dead cheek cells from the mouth

    C. Dilute alkali content of saliva

    D. Reduce bacterial activity in the mouth.

    Ans: D. Reduce bacterial activity in the mouth.

    1. Indigestion is caused by

    A. Drinking a lot of water

    B. Taking unbalanced diet

    C. Improper chewing of food.

    D. Inadequate intake of food

    Ans C. Improper chewing of food.

    1. The site for digestion of all food substances in the human system is the

    A. Duodenum

    B. Mouth

    C. Rectum

    D. Stomach

    Ans : A. Duodenum

    1. The process of removing undigested food material out of the body is termed

    A. Egestion

    B. Excretion

    C. Ingestion

    D. Secretion

    Ans A. Egestion

    1. Saliva performs the following functions during digestion except

    A. Making food soft and easy to swallow

    B. Converting starch to maltose

    C. Providing appropriate pH medium for salivary amylase.

    D. Enable easy passage of food down the oesophagus.

    Ans: D. enable easy passage of food down the oesophagus

    1. Which of the following types of teeth is absent in a herbivore?

    A. Canine

    B. Incisors

    C. Molar

    D. Premolar

    Ans: A. Canine

    1. The small intestine of mammals is very long. This is an advantage because it

    A. Prevents the animal from hunger

    B. Allows water to be absorbed faster

    C. Provide enough surface area for digestion to be completed

    D. Enables digestion to occur at a faster rate

    Ans: C. Provide enough surface area for digestion to be completed

    1. The dental formula of a mammal is given below. Determine the total number of incisors

    I    2/2     C   1/1  PM 2/2      M   3/3

    A. 2

    B. 4

    C. 6

    D. 8

    Ans: D. 8

    1. The function of the proventriculus in the digestive system of a fowl is to

    A. Store the food

    B. Absorb the food substance

    C. Grind the food

    D. Secrete digestive enzymes

    Ans; D. Secrete digestive enzymes

    1. Which of the following animals has a Diastema?

    A. Dog

    B. Goat

    C. Pig

    D. Rat

    Ans: B. Goat

    1. In the herbivore, the incisors are located in the

    A. Front of the upper jaw

    B. Front of the lower jaw

    C. Back of the upper jaw

    D. Back of the lower jaw

    Ans: B. front of the lower jaw.

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    WASSCE 2023 Predictions; Dentition and Digestion Practical Test and Answers

    WASSCE 2023 Predictions; Dentition and Digestion Practical Test and Answers

    Seekers Science Examination unit

    SAMPLE PRACTICAL TEST AND ANSWERS

    1. The illustration below is part of the human body. Study the figure carefully and answer the questions that follows

     

     

    1. Identify the part of the human body illustrated.
    2. Name the parts labelled I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X
    3. Describe the digestive process that occur in VI
    4. i) List two enzymes secreted by the part labelled II
    5. ii) State one function of each of the two enzymes you have listed in (d (i))

    Answers

    1a

    Digestive system of human, or the gut or Alimentary Canal

     

    1b

    I   – Oesophagus or Gullet

    1. – Stomach

    III.  – Liver

    IV – Gall Bladder

    V  –  Pancreas

    VI – Duodenum

    VII – Ileum

    VIII – Colon or Large intestine

    IX – Rectum

    X – Appendix

                    1c

    Digestion process that happens in VI

    The Gall bladder releases bile into the duodenum (VI) and pancreas also releases pancreatic juice into it.

    The bile emulsifies fat that is break fat or oil into small droplets , the bile also changes the PH of food into alkaline by neutralizing the Gastric acid or stomach acid.

    The pancreatic juice releases Amylase which converts starch to maltose

    Trypsin which converts proteins into polypeptides.

    Lipase converts emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol

     

                         1 d.(i)

    Enzyme secreted by the parts labelled II

    Pepsin and renin

     

    1 d (ii)

    Functions of the enzymes

    Pepsin changes protein to peptones or polypeptides

    Renin clots milk proteins or converts milk proteins into curd protein.

     

     

    1. The illustration below is the digestive system of a farm animal

    Study carefully the figure and answer the questions that follows.

    1. i)  Name the parts labelled I, II, III, IV, V and VI
    2. ii) State one function each of the parts labelled I, V and VI
    3. i) Name two farm animals that possess the digestive system illustrated
    4. ii) What is the general name given to the farm animals in (i) above.
    5. i) Name one parasite that affects the part labelled IV.
    6. ii) State two ways of controlling the parasite named in (i)

    Answers

              2ai

    1. Gullet or oesophagus
    2. Rumen
    • Abomasum
    1. Duodenum or small intestine
    2. Colon or large intestine
    3. Rectum

              2aii

    Functions of the parts labelled I, V and VI

    I – serves as the passage way of food from the mouth to the rumen

    V – Absortpion of water into the blood stream occurs here

    VI – Temporal storage of undigested food

              2bi

    Farm  animals that possess the digestive system illustrated

    Cattle or cow

    Sheep

    Goat

     

             2bii

    Ruminants

                2ci

    Parasites that affect the part labelled IV

    Tapeworm

    Roundworm

    Hookworm

     

            2cii

     

    Ways of controlling tapeworm

    Meat should be well cooked

    Treating the infected person with drugs

    Drenching

     

    Ways of controlling roundworm

    Protect food from flies

    Treatment of infected person with drugs

    Drenching

     

    Ways of controlling hookworm

    Protection of food from flies

    Treatment of infected person with drugs

    Drenching

     

    1. The illustration below is the digestive system of a farm animal

    Study the illustration carefully and answer the questions that follows.

     

     

     

    1. Identify the digestive system
    2. Name each of the parts labelled I, II, III, IV, V and VI
    3. State one function of each of the parts labelled I, II, III, IV and VI
    4. State two features of the parts labelled V that helps in the performance of the function stated in (C)

    Answers

    3a

    Digestive system of a monogastric animal or Digestive system of Bird or Fowl, or chicken or poultry.

     

    3b

    1. proventriculus or true stomach
    2. Large Intestine or colon
    • Cloaca
    1. Duodenum / duodenal loop or small intestine or jejenum
    2. Ventriculus
    3. Crop

    3c

    Functions of the parts labelled

     

    1. Stores food and also digestion start from here
    2. Absorbs water from food into the blood stream
    • Passage way for excretory products or passage way for undigested food or passage way for egg.
    1. Digestion of food occurs here, secretions of enzymes to digest starch, protein etc.
    2. Store food and water, Grinds food

    3d)

    Have stones present that helps to grind food since the organism does not have teeth

     

     

    1. Examine the structures below carefully and answer the questions that follow

     

     

    1. Identify each of the strutures A and B
    2. Name each of the parts labelled I, II, III and IV
    3. Give one function each each of the parts labelled I, II, III
    4. Name two animals in each case in which each of the structures A and B can be found.
    5. In a tabular form give four observable differences between structures A and B
    6. i)  What name is given to the part labelled V in adult human beings?
    7. Explain how the name you have given in (i) ia suitable for the structure.

    Answers

    4a

    A – A lower Jaw of a Carnivore

    B – Lower Jaw of a herbivore

     

    4b

    1. Canine
    2. Carnassial teeth
    • Incisor
    1. Premolar

     

    4c

    I – Used for seizing or killing prey or tearing meat

    II – Used for grinding or chewing or slicing of flesh or cracking bones.

    III – Used for cutting or gnawing of grass

    4d

    Animals in which structures can be found

    • Dog, Cat, Lion, Tiger
    • Goat, Sheep, Cow

     

    Difference between A and B

    Structure A Structure B
    Canine tooth present Canine tooth absent
    Carnassial tooth present Carnassial tooth absent
    Diastema absent Diastema present
    Posterior end of jaw bones has three dents Posterior end of jaw bone has two dents

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    4f(i)

    1. i) Wisdom Tooth

    4f(ii)

    Name is suitable because the tooth does not appear until the individual is an adult

     

     

     

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